The Hobbit Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Hobbit Argumentative Essay The HobbitBy J. R. R. TolkienThe story starts with a little individual by the name of Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit he lives is in his home and doing what hobbits do during the day. The initial barely any parts mention to you what a hobbit is and what a hobbit resembles and furthermore what his home resembles. Hobbits are littler then dwarves and eat considerably more then dwarves do, hobbits eat six dinners per day. Bilbo is cleaning his home and getting ready for a feast when an old companion of his comes past his entryway and begins to talk with Bilbo pretty much the entirety of his undertakings he has been on. Sooner or later of talking in Bilbos hobbit home he deceives helpless Mr. Baggins into get an excursion together with Thirteen dwarves to resuscitate their lost city that was over ran by Smuag, a baffling mythical beast that was utilized for conveying messages from dwarves and mythical people. To proceed with the story after the discussion with his companion, who is a wizard. Gandalf welcomes himself over again and request to bring a few companions, and Bilbo, a respectful and polite hobbit couldn't state no. The following morning the doorbell rings and Bilbo cheerfully opens the entryway, yet in his stun it isn't Gandalf yet it is a gathering of dwarves twelve dwarves in hoods. As he welcomes them in they all present themselves and toward the finish of their presentation the final word s are at your administration, their names are Balin, Dwalin, Kili, Fili, Dori, Nori, Ori, Oin, Gloin, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur, and to wrap things up Thorin Okensheild these were the remnant of a dying breed. They were the urban areas last any expectation of bringing back the city. That night the dwarves remained at Bilbos house with additional rooms. What's more, the following morning they would begin the genuine excursion to their fate. We will compose a custom paper on The Hobbit Argumentative explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now That morning Bilbo rose late and was left with dishes from his organization and was the just one to tidy them up. In the wake of washing the dishes he plunked down to have a smoke with his funnel and was upset once more, yet it was Gandalf revealing to him that they are remaining at the town hotel. As he raced to meet them he made it theyre in the nick of time and they began talking about the arrangement (for Bilbo was their criminal and his activity was to discover the passageway to the mystery entryway on the mountain where Smuag lay snoozing) after the arrangement was examined they set out on their excursion to resuscitate the lost city. They all were to little to utilize ponies so they utilized horses, aside from Gandalf who was human size. The main camp they made was close to a waterway outside of town. At the point when they woke up they all had a well breakfast, and got an encouraging start on their excursion and was basically a protected ride until it began to rain and they expected to search for a spot to camp when Bilbo heard a few feet and they sent him to contribute agate on what was the clamor, and there he discovered trolls and attempted to pick-pocket the troll, yet when he put his little hand in the pocket, the troll saw him and got Bilbo by his legs and dropped him thinking about whether he is sufficiently scrumptious to eat. Exactly when bilbo was going to be eaten by a troll, the troll knew there was a greater amount of his sort around in the timberland so the trolls made a snare and they avoided them. When the dwarves got stressed and irate when Bilbo didnt return and he was not noting the calls of the dwarves they followed his hobbit impressions and saw the fire. They got excessively intrigued with the fire and didnt consider alert, they where effortlessly caught by the trolls aside from Thorin Okensheild, he set up a battle and sliced the one trolls eye. Be that as it may, Bilbo wasnt caught he was simply tossed into a shrub and overlooked. Gandalf was not caught, he left before the dwarves and Bilbo woke up. In the wake of catching the dwarves they were considering approaches to eat them and harming them, however out of the blue a voice came and said he couldn't help contradicting the trolls thoughts and they began battling each other and as the time passed they disregarded the sun rise (trolls go to stone on the off chance that they are moved by daylight and not under the ground) and that is what befallen them and permitted the dwarves to get away. Be that as it may, the night deteriorated and soontwo goliaths were tossing stones at one another so the dwarves with Bilbo and Gandalf needed to discover cover once more ,so they rushed to the nearest mountain which was at present i nvolved by trolls , who were at a war with the mythical beings. As they took cover in the cavern they gradually snoozed off to rest the trolls assaulted in their rest and were caught and sent to the troll lord when the others were caught Gandalf shot a flare and slaughtered seven of them and followed the trolls down the passages in completely dark haziness. At the point when they got to the troll lord, Gandalf came out of the obscurity and pulled out an incredible blade (made by the mythical beings that sparkled when trolls are close) and put the ruler directly in the heart, and all the trolls terrified, ran beyond what many would consider possible and permitted the dwarves and organization to escape. When the dwarves raced to escape they didnt know the route as a result of two reasons, one explanation is on the grounds that it was black as night and there were such a significant number of passages not long after running down various passages the trolls before long pursued them and made up for lost time to them, and thumped down Dori who was conv eying Bilbo, who was thumped down when a troll stumbled him and Bilbo was tossed down a gap and couldn't get together with the others since he hit his head in transit down and the others took off without him. In obscurity, in solitude and not knowing where he was, slithering around on his knees he put his hand on something little, roundabout and cold and he slipped it into his pocket. Not long after for a little while of creeping he fell into water and went completely under the water when he sneaked out of the water. When Bilbo was gotten dry, he saw a couple of eyes coming to him and was frightened so he pulled out his blade and advised the beast to stop where he was and not to move, the beast was interested what his identity was and what he is doing in his passage. The beasts name was Gollum who was alive for a long time. He would get lost trolls and ones that wandered away from the gathering. Bilbo was extremely terrified of the beast since he didn't have a clue what sort of anim al it was or in the event that it was eager for Bilbo, so he inquired as to whether he needed to play a game with him. The game was to ask each other conundrums and if Bilbo confused Gollum he would need to show him the exit plan, however on the off chance that Bilbo lost, Gollum could do anything he needed to him. Bilbo won obviously however it was long and hard. So Gollum the washout, was frantic and chosen to execute him at any rate and do it extremely snappy. So he said he needed to return to his island and search for something that would assist him with finding the way when it would turn Gollum imperceptible and have the option to murder Bilbo, however he was unable to discover it since he dropped it in the passages getting a lost troll and slaughtering him. Gollum was incensed and Bilbo was getting anxious hanging tight for him. The last conundrum of Bilbos was what was in his pocket, which was Gollums present, the ring, and when Gollum had found it he started paddling as quic k as possible towards Bilbo, to get his ring back. Bilbo slipped on the ring and was undetectable however stumbled over a free root and Gollum ran directly past him and Bilbo got up and tailed him to the mystery exit and discovered that Bilbo didnt know the way so he plunked down and hung tight for bilbo to show up when he was directly behind him the entire time. So Bilbo needed to get away, he ran back a few and he bounced higher than any hobbit had ever hopped and cleared Gollums head by an inch and went through the entryway and past the trolls. After he ran past the trolls there was one more passage he needed to experience and he could see the light from the entryway however it was protected with numerous trolls. He slipped in the middle of their legs and their feet and attempted to get out the post window however he stalled out and with one hard push he was out yet he lost his catches and his belt tore. The trolls where confused how the catches had appeared and before long glanc ed out the post window and saw Bilbos shadow thus they pursued him until he stowed away in the shadows of the trees. He ran for a decent piece until he saw Bifur on glance out obligation. When Bilbo was past him he removed his ring and they were totally astounded how he had escaped the passages alive and he recounted to the story (without including the ring) and they were completely stunned and respected him. After they woke up, they began their direction and Gandalf was driving them to an old companion of his. At the point when they got to his property he revealed to them that he was a skin changer and lived in a spot with a great deal of creatures and uncommon plants. Gandalf advised them to come in pairs like clockwork or something like that and Bilbo was to accompanied Gandalf. At the point when they discovered him he welcomed them and they recounted to the account of what has happened up until now and gradually the dwarves began to come in his home. After dinner they all headed to sleep in an agreeable bed and dreamthorrible dreams about the trolls getting them in their rest and every one of them woke up in sweat. When Beorn returned home from a walk he went to check whether their story was valid, it was so he loaned them horses and supplies and sent them while in transit to Mirkwood , where he let them know of the threats and to remain on the way. At the point when they got to the passage of Mirkwood they needed to send their horses back and Gandalf didn't finish them Mirkwood he returned with the horses to Beorn. They stayed outdoors that night at the passage and when they woke up they would go in and follow the way and they did only that until they got to the primary thing Beorn cautioned them about, the Black River, that in the event that you drank from, contacted or fell in you would overlook all that you recollected or knew. They saw a vessel up stream and tossed a rope and got it as they brought it over they crossed the waterway in pairs with Bombu r going last since he was the fattest and when he was going to get up on the land a deer leaped out from a hedge and kicked him into the stream and as the dwarves took shots at it, it was to late, the dee

Career Preference free essay sample

Despite the fact that there are a few organizations influenced by these emergencies which they are power to diminish their representatives called as â€Å"recession†, some of them have employment opportunities that offer new profession chances to graduated understudies. These employment opportunities additionally offers another test into their life †an incredible obligation deceives his hand that sometime will enable his family to endeavor to accomplish wealthiest, utilize his gained information and abilities when he draw in into an occupation, and went about as one of the fortifications in industry that would additionally improved the draining economy of the nation. These, starts things out from wishes and desires that emerges during youth years that some time or another the person will turn into a specialist, a designer, an instructor, a police, or a lawyer to help those look for necessities and help their family to climb into destitution. As per Ginzberg and his associates1 , during the dream time frame play bit by bit becomes work-arranged and reflects introductory inclinations for particular sort of exercises. We will compose a custom paper test on Vocation Preference or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This stage is the groundwork for a child’s exceptionally composed public activity they will be required to modify when they enter the principal grade. Vocation inclinations are free chance to choose an ideal profession. It is additionally a dynamic in a confounding circumstance which happens during the senior year of secondary school level. At the point when one is confounded in picking a profession, he depends on his companions and family members. He was befuddled it might be said that he can't settle on his own choice and not yet prepared to get into school. As per Tiedeman2 , vocation improvement unfurls inside the general procedure of subjective advancement as one purposes personality applicable emergencies. He further noted out that dynamic ais a consistent procedure wherein people will change their courses of vocation activity, by and large by leaving a setting or condition. For example, when an understudy is muddled in his course he have been taken that will bring about diminishing enthusiasm on that specific field. He chooses to move in another school or to move another course that truly accommodates his own advantage and. At the point when one is shaky n settling on choice, these perplexed procedure might be rehashed until accomplish diverse bachelor’s qualification which can be a significant interruption of one’s future employment. Super3 likewise considered uncertainty as a time of formative procedure when intrigue was not completely solidified. Consequently, this examination expects to decide the variables influencing profession inclinations among senior secondary school understudies of Eulogio â€Å"Amang† Rodriguez Vocational High School of scholastic year 2009 to 2010. This factors fill in as inclinations of understudy in picking a profession in school incorporates youth yearnings, family/family members, peer/companions, premium and specialization, values, popular employments, school direction advisor; and foreseen issues experienced are attempted to influence the understudy inclinations of their vocation. Proclamation of the ProblemThe study expected to decide the elements influencing profession inclinations of senior secondary school understudies of Eulogio â€Å"Amang† Rodriguez Vocational High School of the scholastic year 2009-2010. In particular, it looked to answer the accompanying sub problems:lt;br/gt;What are the socio-segment qualities of the senior secondary school understudies in wording of:Sexd. Guardians OccupationAgee. Size of IncomeParents Educational Attainmentf. Kin PositionWhat are the main three communicated profession decisions of the understudies? What are the inclinations of understudies in picking a profession in school in wording of:Childhood Aspirationsd. ValuesFamily/Relativese. In-Demand JobsPeer/Friendsf. School Guidance CounselorWhat are the foreseen issues experienced in settling on their profession decision? Speculation of the StudyThe following theories are defined for acknowledgment or dismissal of study:The socio-segment attributes, (for example, sex, age, parents’ instructive accomplishment, parents’ occupation, size of pay, and kin position) doesn't influence the vocation inclinations of the senior secondary school understudies. The inclination of understudy regarding youth desires, family/family members, values, sought after occupations, and school direction guide doesn't influence their vocation decision. The foreseen issue experienced by understudies doesn't influence their profession decision. Hypothetical/Conceptual Framework1. 4. 1. Hypothetical FrameworkThe study is tied down on the hypothesis of Donald Super4 which centers around the improvement of life jobs over the life expectancy with accentuation on interrole harmoniousness. His professional idea as a piece of self-idea is framed, it is the main impetus that sets up a vocation design one will finish life. Professional formative errands are gotten from professional stages which gives system to professional conduct and mentalities.

Dothiepin Vs. Fluoxetine (Mechanism Of Action And Pharmacodynamics) Es

Dothiepin Vs. Fluoxetine (Mechanism Of Action And Pharmacodynamics) Examination Between Mechanism of Action and Pharmacodynamics of Dothiepin and Fluoxetine Depiction of meds Instrument of activity and pharmacodynamics Dothiepin Dothiepin is a tricyclic stimulant. It acts by advancing the viability of a few amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine, which is otherwise called 5HT and serotonin). It works by repressing their reuptake at the terminals of nerve cells, in this way prompting their drawn out nearness at the synaptic parted and an expanded impact on the neuron.(1) The reuptake siphons for the above amines are liable for diminishing the grouping of these amines. Dothiepin works by hindering the siphons. As per the amine theory, a diminished centralization of the amines and the subsequent decline in amine dependant synaptic transmission is related with sorrow, in this way an expansion in the above would help soothe the side effects of discouragement. (2) Dothiepin has different activities also. It diminishes norepinephrine actuated CAMP development in the cerebrum, just as hindering the take-up of 5HT into platelets. It additionally has some anticholinergic and antihistaminic activity.(3) Dothiepin starts to produce results after roughly 2-3 weeks. Regular every day dosages of Dothiepin run from 75mg to 200mg in the more extreme cases. (2) Fluoxetine Fluoxetine has a place with a gathering of antidepressants known as the SSRI's, or Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It capacities is like that of dothiepin above. It additionally goes about as a reuptake inhibitor, yet is exceptionally particular. It just represses 5HT reuptake, and needs a large number of the less helpful elements of dothiepin, for example, the antihistaminic properties. (1) As over the outcome in increment within the sight of serotonin at the synaptic split outcomes in a decline in numerous side effects of wretchedness. Fluoxetine does anyway have some reactions including queasiness, tremors, loss of drive and sometimes diminished sexual capacity. (2) It is additionally conceivable that it might affect dopamine work. At times it likewise decreases rest proficiency. (3) Every day portions of Fluoxetine run somewhere in the range of 10mg and 60mg. Anyway it has been seen that viability doesn't show up as unequivocally identified with portion. 20mg is as emotional as 40mg, and there is some proof to recommend that higher portions might be even less viable. Anyway the lower portions bring about less and less cut off unfavorable effects.(3) Antagonistic impacts or unfriendly medication collaborations Dothiepin Antagonistic impacts of dothiepin go from conceivably hazardous to gently discomforting. Fatalities related with dothiepin incorporate cardiovascular disappointment, neonatal cardio-respiratory disappointment, myocardial dead tissue, arrhythmia, heart failure, ventricular fibrillation, stroke, inborn coronary illness, haematemesis, aplastic iron deficiency, leukopenia, hepatorenal disorder, cholestatic jaundice, trance state, neuroleptic harmful condition, bothered Parkinson's infection, intrauterine passing, renal disappointment, respiratory capture. These anyway are extremely uncommon. (1) Other serious reactions incorporate hepatitis, improper ADH emission, hypomania, and spasms. Crazy indications, for example jumpy daydreams, might be achieved or declined if effectively present. These side effects are additionally extraordinary, however less hazardous than those recorded above.(3) The less perilous symptoms are more typical, found in numerous patients, especially those on higher portions of the medication. These incorporate dry mouth, tachycardia, obstruction, laziness, perspiring, sickness, retching, looseness of the bowels, tremor, rashes, and impedance with sexual function.(3) The most serious perils in overdose come from seizures, and the cardiovascular and respiratory impacts recorded previously. (3) Antagonistic medication collaborations incorporate MAO inhibitors and SSRI's as simultaneous organization may prompt expanded plasma tricyclic levels. CNS depressants, including liquor will likewise have an expanded impact when taken in conjunctions with dothiepin. Sedatives may build the danger of arrhythmia. Antihypertensive operator movement might be decreased by dothiepin. Barbiturates may diminish the serum grouping of dothiepin, while methyl phenidate may build it. Smoking may diminish the serum convergence of dothiepin by expanding its digestion. (1) Fluoxetine Fluoxetine seems to have a lower rate of unfriendly responses, and these show up less serious than those related with dothiepin. (2) Up to 1990 a sum of 11 passings that might be related with fluoxetine were recorded in patients. Anyway these were not NECESSARILY connected with the medication. The possibly perilous symptoms included hyponatremia, which gave off an impression of being reversible when the patients quit taking the medication. A not many instances of vasculitis have additionally been analyzed. Instances of seizures and seizure like scenes in fluoxetine patients have additionally been recorded. A few patients created lunacy.

Utopia - The Impossibility of Perfection Essay -- Utopia Essays Utopia

Ideal world - The Impossibility of Perfection The last finish of [this] district overlooks the start. ?William Shakespeare, The Tempest From Plato's The Republic to Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto, the quest for an ideal social state has never halted; its definitive objective of accomplishing a human culture that exists in total congruity with all due social equity, notwithstanding, has end up being woefully subtle. The unadulterated idea of an ideal world can be hypothetically pictured as an ideal geometric circle: one that is consistent, comprehensive, yet difficult to draw out as a general rule. In 1516, Sir Thomas More portrayed in his popular Utopia what he imagined to be a perfect state?one that liberates its residents from material concerns by ordering prudent correspondence among them and isolating social obligations unbiasedly. More's work, anyway splendid, can't disguise the genuine fallibilities and inconvenient restrictions of the idealistic contemplations; and being the irresolute maker that he was, More deliberately underlined the confusing idea of his optimal society. After a century, in his last work The Tempest, the incredible writer William Shakespeare gave his crowd an otherworldly Commonwealth that is an impression of the Golden Age from the old style writing. This dream, enveloped by the bigger still eccentricity that is The Tempest, will have humankind come back to the most flawless condition of nature. The Tempest, then again, can be deciphered as an evaluate of the Utopian state. On the off chance that the obvious heaven must be supported by enchantment and the deconstruction of human progress, Shakespeare appears to suggest, at that point perfect world is out and out unachievable and impracticable. There is little uncertainty that Sir Thomas More's Utopia is a work of ... ...aults. The idealistic way of thinking wavers since it will not address the darker side of the essentials of human nature?the first is eagerness and malevolence. It should be recollected that human shades of malice breed abusive frameworks, not the other way around. By reforming the cultural framework into a structure that is probably only, one doesn't reclaim nor cure the inherent good imperfections of its residents. The Utopian way of thinking stays, after all the interests, an empty symbol on the special stepped area of goal. Works Cited More, Thomas. Perfect world. Robert M. Adams. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Nietzsche, Fredrich. Ethics as Fossilized Violence. The Prince. Robert M. Adams. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Ovid. The Golden Age. Utopia. Robert M. Adams. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Stanley Wells. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Rn vs Bsn

Care approaches and dynamic A look into of partner degree level stanzas baccalaureate-degree level in nursing: Heidi Kruger Grand Canyon University: NRS-430 (NRS-430V-O103) Professional Dynamics Feb, 2013 Abstract As an ever-changing human services framework keeps on developing our training turns out to be further developed. The medicinal services framework requires an extended information base and preparing so as to convey sheltered, thorough consideration. As in-medical clinic tolerant stays abbreviate and understanding consideration moves to a network setting, a more noteworthy number of specific attendants are needed.Expected to wear new caps, medical caretakers must achieve a more significant level of training on the off chance that we are to satisfactorily adapt to the situation and fill the new moves of our calling. ADN versus BSN: What’s in the letters in order soup Established in the U. S. in 1909, baccalaureate programs gave a far reaching instruction to anybody whom wanted to turn into a medical caretaker proficient. By and large this training pathway comprised of fives years of formal instruction, with three years giving a fixation on the nursing practice.Included in this arrangement where seminars on general wellbeing and instruction. Afterward, the readiness was extended to incorporate courses, for example, proof based practice, clinical counteraction, improved patient results and other upper switch basic reasoning courses. In the mid 1950’s the U. S. experienced a nursing lack and the interest for medical caretakers got incredible. Created by Mildred Montag in 1952, the partner degree in nursing program (ADN) was created to fill this interest for medical caretakers during the World War II and post World War II era.This program was just two years long and incorporated a parity of general instruction and clinical nursing courses. Its motivation was to give â€Å"technical† nurture. These ADN arranged medical caretakers where to help and work under the management of an expert attendant. (Creasia, 2011) As the years advanced and the nursing lack settled, the ADN program stayed perceived and numerous planned medical attendants picked the multi year junior college program to its now multi year college partner as it as more financially savvy and allowed a similar permit upon effective fruition of the state board test. Effect on capable patient consideration Multiple investigations demonstrate that BSN attendants are more ready to give social insurance. As BSN experience a more significant level of instruction, which incorporate progressively basic reasoning and a more profound comprehension of subjects, for example, rick the board. This instruction is fundamental in settling on brisk life and passing choices. Increasingly finished, inpatient stays are getting shorter with more consideration being given in outpatient settings.Less time in an inpatient setting implies a diminished measure of time with which to g ive powerful, equipped mind and convey complete, retainable patient instruction (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2000) As more consideration is conveyed in a network setting I. e. patients homes, it diminishes the accessible help that a lower level ADN may require. For instance, there might be all the more PRN tranquilizes. A medical caretaker would need to see how these medications work independently and how they cooperate with one another without the guide of drug store promptly on had.As â€Å"technical† attendants, they are prepared more to do. On the off chance that a patient gives indications of heart append or respiratory misery, an ADN attendant may promptly give crisis medicine. Conversely a BSN may inquire. Is it accurate to say that you are alright? What drug have you taken? What are you feeling? What where you doing when this started? All while surveying non-verbal signals so as to decide the proper move to make. BSN arranged medical caretakers are pr epared to think rapidly before acting rapidly. In the event that quick basic reasoning and a more profound information on ailment forms are not consolidated, it might demonstrate deadly.Evidenced based Studies Multiple examinations show that a more elevated level of training reflects in persistent consideration. Research at the University of Pennsylvania uncovered at one Magnet Hospital that careful patients had 14 percent lower chances in death and 12 percent lower chances of inability to resituate inside a multi day time frame contrasted with there non-Magnet partners. An examination in 2007 uncovered that a 10 percent expansion in BSN arranged medical attendants where related with 9 less passings for each 1,000 released patients (Rosseter, 2012). BSN gets ready attendants have a progressively positive effect on tolerant outcomes.Achieve a more extensive extent of training and are predominant parental figures especially in crisis circumstances. By exploiting a more elevated level of readiness, it permits an attendant to practice to his/her maximum capacity. End Nurses keep on spearheading new fields. Taking on new tittles, for example, Case Manager, Infection Control, Risk Management and Legal Nurse Consultant, the job of Nursing is rapidly moving from one of patient consideration to that of network teacher and asset supervisor. We are relied upon to wear new caps on a day by day basis.For this explanation, attendants must accomplish a more elevated level of training than was acknowledged previously. It turns out to be perpetually evident that an ADN (Associated Degree in Nursing) program isn't adequate to plan medical caretakers for these new rolls. A large number of these new rolls require a specific confirmation. A higher level of scholastic accomplishment is required on the off chance that we are to enough stay aware of the difficulties of a consistently changing human services framework and satisfy the needs of an inexorably innovatively refined society . References Creasia, J. L and Friberg, E (2011).Conceptual Foundations: The scaffold to proficient nursing practice. St. Louis Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. Page 25-27. Recovered from http://pageburstls. elsevier. com/#/books/978-0-323-06869-7 American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2000, October 24). Recovered February 26, 2012 from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/productions/position/bacc-degree-prep Robert J. Rosseter (2012, October 24). Making a More High Qualified Nursing Workforce. Recovered February 25, 2012 from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/certainty sheets/nursing-workforce

Some recommendations about recommendations

Some recommendations about recommendations At MIT, we require all applicants to send in two letters of recommendation one from a math or science teacher (Evaluation A) and one from a humanities teacher (Evaluation B). If you are applying this year early action (November 1 deadline) or regular action (January 1 deadline) I hope that you have already asked your teachers if they can write a letter on your behalf. Please recognize that teachers are very busy teachers in this country are seriously overworked and underpaid; I hope you will respect their time. So whether your application deadline is about a month away, or about three months away, please have these conversations now or very soon, if you have not yet done so. I recommend that you find some face-to-face time alone with each teacher to ask them in person to write your letter, and to have a conversation about it. This is a much better approach than just leaving the recommendation form on their chair and running away. I recommend giving them all of the recommendation forms for every one of the schools youre applying to at once. This is also a good time to tell them about why youre applying to each school, and how you see yourself as a match for each place. Teachers often find these conversations very helpful. If a teacher asks you to write the recommendation for them do not do this (these requests rarely happen in the United States, but do happen with some frequency abroad). Instead, ask another teacher. Teacher recommendations should only be written by the teacher and by no one else. If you attend school outside the United States, and have teachers who are not English fluent, this is okay you can still have them write you a recommendation. They can write in their native language; the letter can then be translated. There are many sources for translation, and one that you may find helpful is an English teacher at your high school. Official translations from agencies are also good. If you send us a translated recommendation, please include both the English translated copy and the original in the native language. MITs teacher recommendation forms are available for download from your MyMIT application portal. Please note that there is no online recommendation system for MIT; recommendations will need to be on paper and mailed to the admissions office. We prefer that teachers use our forms, but its okay if your high school has its own form, or if teachers want to use the Common Apps paper recommendation form. It is also okay common, in fact for teachers to write their own letter and not answer the questions on our form. We just ask that your teacher attach that letter to our form with your name and date of birth clearly indicated and that the letter address the questions on our form. Who should you ask? You should certainly ask a teacher who has taught you in an academic class in high school (i.e. no middle school, and no basket weaving class). Ideally, this will also be a teacher who knows you as more than just a student who does well on all the tests. We find that the best recommendations are written by teachers who know an applicant well as both a student and a person. For example: the English teacher who is your newspaper advisor, the math teacher who is your math team coach, the biology teacher who is your field hockey coach, the history teacher that you talk about politics and health care policy with, the physics teacher who you challenge each day for the best time on the New York Times crossword puzzle, the chemistry teacher who is your mentor. Also you do not need to choose the teacher that teaches the subject that you want to major in. You do not need to choose the teacher from whom you received the best grade. You do not need to choose a senior year teacher but you should choose someone with whom you have an ongoing relationship. You can choose a teacher who has retired or moved to a different school, as long as that teacher meets the above criteria. The process is the same in this case. I get many questions about what subject teachers can write the A or B eval. As a general rule, if the teacher teaches a class that would count towards MITs math science requirement, that teacher should fill out the A Evaluation; if the teacher teaches a class that would count towards MITs humanities, arts, and social sciences requirement, that teacher should fill out the B Evaluation. Purely as an exercise, I made a list of different kinds of classes that high school students might take, and tried to classify them as an A Evaluation or B Evaluation as best I could. A few are pretty fuzzy (and could be categorized reasonably either way no worries), but most seem pretty straight forward: A Evaluation potential subjects Math Biology Chemistry Physics Earth Science Environmental Science Computer Science Engineering Technology Research B Evaluation potential subjects English History French Spanish German Italian Russian Chinese Japanese Hebrew Latin Economics Government Psychology Social Studies Art Music Geography After you have chatted with your teacher and given them the recommendation forms, you can track whether or not MIT has received and processed the letter on your MyMIT tracking page. Please allow up to two weeks processing time during peak application season. If the letter has not shown up as processed by the application deadline, do not worry. You may wish to very politely check in with the teacher, but you do not need to constantly hound them. As long as you have given your teachers sufficient time to write on your behalf, they will get your letter in to us. And we are much more flexible with teacher recommendations that come in a little late than we are with late student application materials. And when MIT does process your teachers letter please thank your teacher. Its the nice thing to do, and they deserve it. I hope this is helpful! [Please note: with this entry, I speak for MIT Admissions. While much of this advice is universal, YMMV with other schools for the specific tips, tricks, and rules]

Tips for Students With Bad Grades

What Students with Bad Grades Need to Do to Prepare for College Admissions When applying to college, grades are usually the most important aspect of your applicant profile. Colleges look at all four years of high school grades, and they like to see an upward grade trend. So if you started off high school with some not-so-stellar grades, your main goal should be to pull up your marks and improve your academic performance. If you’re struggling in some classes, here are som tips on how to improve grades now, and what to do when it comes time to apply to college. What to do now: Ask for help. If you’re struggling in a class, know when to seek help from your teacher. Keeping an open dialogue with your teacher not only fosters a strong relationship, it will also be beneficial if you need help pulling up your grades. After the first grading period, if you’re not getting that "A," ask the teacher what you could be doing better. Perhaps, you can meet with the teacher before or after class to go over unclear material, ask for additional reference materials on a subject, or even work on an independent or extra credit assignment. Become more engaged in class. Sometimes class participation can make up a portion of your grade, so speak up! By becoming more engaged, not only will you get the teacher’s attention, you can also better understand instruction, thus improving your performance. Get a tutor. If you’re still struggling after seeking help from your teacher, it may be time to get some outside help from a professional tutor. Whether it’s just a few hours of tutoring to help you prepare for a test, or regular meetings to help you understand the major concepts of a course, a tutoring program can help significantly improve your grades if done right. For example, master tutors are experts in their particular subject areas and know the best strategies to prepare students for common core and independent school curricula, but they also work with students to develop good study habits and life skills that can help them improve in other courses. What to do when it comes time to apply to college: Explain yourself. If you’re applying to a school using the Common Application, use the "Additional Information" section to explain any circumstances that may have contributed to a grade drop or poor academic performance. Be upfront and also explain what steps you took to improve your academic performance. Seek out relevant recommendations. Recommendation letters are a key component of a college application, so be sure to seek out recommendations from teachers who know your work ethic. You may be tempted to skip over a teacher whose class you initially did poorly in, but sometimes a great letter of recommendation can come from a teacher who has seen a student greatly improve his or her grades, even if the student has higher marks in other classes. Interview if possible. If the school you’re applying to offers admissions interviews, do it. This is a great opportunity to explain your grades as well as put a face to your application and let a school get to know you better outside of the numbers. Apply in the regular round. If your junior year grades saw a dip, it’s best to wait until after your first semester grades from senior year are in to apply. This gives you time to improve and show an upward grade trend. Take a gap year or start at a community college. If you waited to late to improve your grades, all is not lost. Many students opt to take a gap year or even a year at a community college in order to catch up on fundamental course work and get on track to do well at a four-year institution. Have you been struggling with below average grades? What have you done to improve your academic performance? Tell us in the comments below!

5. 2 Microeconomic Level Micro-Economic Level - 1587 Words

5.2 Micro-economic level Several narratives show that the rate of enterprise ownership are higher among immigrants than non-immigrants in most developed economies such as the US, UK, Canada, Germany, France and Australia (Taylor et al. 2014; Gomez et al. 2015; Linden et al. 2017). The study by Gomez et al. (2015) indicates while the rate of self-employment surges amongst immigrants, the rate is decreasing among non-immigrants in the US. The study by Linden et al. (2017) in most European countries shows that skilled immigrants are likely to begin enterprises with around 8 employees than comparable non-immigrants. This is because they understand the field they operate in through the training they have gained. Gomez et al. (2015) use the†¦show more content†¦Despite earlier reasons for assuming that immigrants are more entrepreneurial than non-immigrants, empirical evidence does not support this premise (Turkina and Thai, 2013). An OECD study found that immigrant entrepreneurs – as measured by the rate of sole proprietorship – is more prevalent than non-immigrant entrepreneurship in only 15 countries out of 26 OECD countries (OECD, 2015). This suggests that in approximately half of the OECD countries, immigrants are not likely than non-immigrants to engage in sole proprietorship. In addition, in countries with large percentages of immigrants such as Germany, Italy and Sweden, immigrants are less likely than non-immigrants to engage in sole businesses (OECD, 2015). Interestingly, Linden et al. (2017) notes that immigrants living in Germany perceived themselves as having limited skills to operate businesses and were more risk averse than non-immigrants. 6. Discussion The study found that immigrant entrepreneurs to possess the same psychological and personal entrepreneurial attributes as non-immigrant where businesses are opened due to necessity factors or opportunity factors. However, most literature indicate that the immigrant entrepreneur is more committed and willing to sacrifice to make the business a success. Multiple reasons have been mentioned as a motivator for resilience among immigrant entrepreneurs such as a need for a source of income to provide for the family – survival;Show MoreRelatedMicroeconomic and Tourism1182 Words   |  5 PagesMicroeconomic and Tourism I. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. II. The significance of tourism to economic. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ III. The impact of tourism on local society. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... IV. The effects of tourism on microeconomics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. V. UAE as an example for the subject. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. VI. Clusters and competitiveness of the UAE. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................ VII. Conclusion. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ VIII. List of figures. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read MoreComparative Study on Consumption Patterns of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices846 Words   |  4 PagesJuices A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONSUMPTION PATTERNS OF SOFT DRINKS AND FRUIT JUICES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Soft Drinks were common preference among all the individuals before juices were being introduced, With the changing lifestyle and income levels, people are shifting their consumption patterns and have therefore become more health conscious thus leading to increase in demand of juices. Market Research is based on some underlying parameters like: †¢ Changing consumption pattern †¢ HealthRead MoreMicroeconomics1441 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples give 5 reasons why the study of microeconomics is important. 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Nike Competitive Advantage - 1089 Words

* 1. MGMT65000 – Strategic Management – spring 2011 Test 1 By: Divya Mishra School of Management Purdue University Calumet Submitted to: Dr. Arifin Angriawan1|Page * 2. Company profile amp; backgroundNIKE, Inc. is engaged in the design, development and worldwide marketing of footwear,apparel, equipment and accessory products. . It sells its products to around 18,000 retail accountsin the United States and through a mix of independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries innearly 200 countries. NIKE is the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world.The Company creates designs for men, women and children. The top selling product categoryincludes running, basketball, childrens, cross-training and womens†¦show more content†¦NIKE Innovations NIKE with Apple: The NIKE+ package consists of a pair of specially designed NIKE+ running shoes, an iPod nano, and a NIKE + iPod sport kit. The kit consists of a sensor that fits into a built-in p ocket beneath the insole of the left shoe and a receiver that fits into the iPod nano dock connector. As a person runs, iPod tells the distance, pace, and calories burned via voice feedback that adjusts music volume as it plays. (Google image) Design your own shoes: NIKE allows customers to design their own shoes from a catalogue of predefined designs. Customers can choose their own colors and mascots to create shoes which define their personality. It provides Touch screen technology in store allowing customers to design shoes of choice. (Google image) Nike self lacing automatic shoes: NIKE is also coming up with the new automatic self lacing sneakers. The automatic lacing system provides a set of straps that can be automatically opened and closed to switch between a loosened and tightened position.4|Page * 5. Critical data of Nike Annual Report$ Millions 2010Net Income 1,906.7Current Liability 3,364.2Total Assets 14419.3Tax Rate 24.2%Interest Rate 6.35%Long-Term Debt 445.8Return on Equity 19.54%Total Equity 9753.7Weighted Average Cost of Capital 8.9%Capital Employed 11055.1Interest Expense 6.3EBIT 2516.9NOPAT 1907.81Return On Capital Employed 20.7%Economic Value Added 1267.25Cash Flow From Operations* 3164.2Capital expenditure*Show MoreRelatedNike s Offensive Competitive Advantage1206 Words   |  5 PagesOffensive Competitive Advantage There are numerous definitions of competitive strategy; whether, it was defined by a scholar, a textbook, or a dictionary source, it is not the same. A source may refer to this subject as a competitive strategy or a competitive advantage. Therefore, this subject is difficult to understand and then apply to a company. The Five Generic Competitive Strategies that Michael E. Porter developed are not really five strategies, more like five with subsets under them. Nike doesRead MoreBusiness Strategy Concepts Nike Inc.1034 Words   |  5 PagesStrategy Concepts amp; Nike Inc. Nike generic strategy for competitive advantage emphasizes product mix diversity. Nike analyzes what products should be handled and what characteristics should meet to aim success. When applying a competitive strategy, the product plays a role as a link between supply and demand, so the success is determined by the ability of the company to overtake the competition and of course, by the quality of the product from the client’s perspective. Nike adapts their productsRead MoreNike s Core Competency : The Risky Business Of Fairy Tales1413 Words   |  6 Pagesscandal such as criminal activity or cheating. Nike has been successful with any of their endorsements, but there are cases of athletes not so successful. In Nike’s endorsement history, there are multiple cases that athletes were involved in scandals. Phil Knight, who is the Chief Executive Officer at Nike, states that these scandals are, â€Å"part of the game† (Rothaermel MiniCase 8. Nike’s Core Competency: The Risky Business of Fairy Tales. 447). Nike continues to endorse these athletes such as MichaelRead MoreNikes Core Competencies Exist In Their1511 Words   |  7 Pagestheir products and markets. Although Nike does not manufacture any of its own shoes, the company is still today’s leader in selling athletic shoes and apparel. Nikes marketing strategy is an important component of the companys success. Nike is located as a premium-brand, selling well-designed and costly products. Nike lures clients with a marketing strategy centring on their brand image: a distinctive logo (the Swoosh ) and the advertising slogan Just Do It. Nike promotes its products by supportRead MoreA Critical Tool Of Human Resource Management For Lean Manufacturing At Nike824 Words   |  4 Pagescritical tool of Human resource management for lean manufacturing at Nike, it helps to utilize their labor force’s continuous improvement by providing practices. The management at form of standardized CI such as quality award, institute improvement, external benchmarking programs. Additionally, Nike’s scoring card established to ensure all staffs by performing at Nike’s standards. Thou gh this new standard of factory self-governance, Nike is allowed for notifying their essential attention and resourceRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike, Adidas, Aon, And Nike1161 Words   |  5 Pageswoe more customers. The sports industry is not any exception. The industry confronts lots of competition amongst its key players. The major players as discussed in the industry analysis paper are Puma, Adidas, AON, and Nike. 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My Family s Life Changed Forever - 1277 Words

Back in May of 2000, my family’s life changed forever. It all started when Chris, my father, went to work. While Chris was at work he noticed that he was having difficulties completing his daily tasks. During his daily tasks he had a hard time typing and his hand writing was all jittery. Due to these difficulties, Chris decided to tell his boss that he needed to leave early that day. When Chris got home his symptoms got worse, so Jean, my mother, decided to take him to the emergency room. When Chris was filling out the forms at the emergency room he realized that it became hard for him to hold the pencil, and was slowly becoming partially paralyzed. Chris and Jean were taken back to a room where he had to complete multiple tests. After the emergency room completed the computerized tomography scan of the brain, the emergency room could not determine what the cause of the partial paralysis was. The emergency room ended up emitting Chris into the hospital, and having to call a neurologist for assistance. Three days had passed and the doctors could not explain what was causing the partial paralysis. The insurance company told the hospital that they would not cover anymore medical expenses, forcing the hospital to kick Chris out. The doctors told Chris to wait two hours then return to the emergency room to reregister. Another day passed with several more tests including bloodwork, magnetic resonance imaging, and spinal fluid extraction. After all these tests, doctors finallyShow MoreRelatedHow I Missed Quality Time With The Children1028 Words   |  5 Pageshours a day and even when I was home, my attention wasn t all there. My middle daughter, Sara, will never forget that I didn t show up for her awards assembly when she was 8. I don t even remember missing it. I was focused on making enough money. 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Nike Sustainability And Labour Practises - 1217 Words

INTODUCTION We are facing various social, economic, environment challenges today which are getting worse day by day, it may also include rapidly increasing population, and most important unprecedented macroeconomic stress. In order to save the world from a potential catastrophe, we have to make significant changes in our behaviour as well as the system we are in. There is an escalating global movement to address all the issues which may question the sustainability of an organisations. Sustainability of organisations, nations, humanity is becoming a primary goal of the individuals and groups in all the different sectors anyone can think of. Leaders are very keen to launch new sustainability initiatives on a daily basis in order to make the surroundings more sustainable in nature. So now in this report which is based on the case study of â€Å"Nike: sustainability and labour practises†. 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Hcm Chapter 10 11 12 Free Essays

string(329) " focusing on properties of objects without considering surrounding context \(individualistic culture influence\) Eastern: Holistic Thinking – focus on the overall context, in ways that objects relate to each other \(collective culture\) Controlled thinking thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful\." CHAPTER 1 Social Influence The effect that words, actions, or presence of people have on our attitudes, thoughts, feelings and behavior Construal The way people interpret the social environment. (How do you construe someone’s behavior? Is it polite, rude etc? ) Individual differences aspects of personalities that makes people unique Social psych analyses the individual in the context of a social situation, and it aims to identify universal human nature traits that makes everyone susceptible to social influences, regardless of social class or culture Fundamental attribution error xplaining our own or other peoples’ behavior based on personality characteristics alone. Underestimates social influence Behaviorism Approach to understanding behavior through only reinforcing properties of events. We will write a custom essay sample on Hcm Chapter 10 11 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Positive, negative, punishment, operant conditioning) Gestalt psych Studies subjective way in which an object appears in peoples’ minds, rather than the objective, physical attributes of the subject. Like perceiving a painting as a whole instead of the sum of its parts. Self-esteem The degree to which one views oneself as good, competent and decent Social cognition how people select, interpret, remember and use social information to make judgments and decisions. CHAPTER 2 Hindsight Bias Exaggeration of how much one could predict an outcome after knowing that it already happened Observational method No random assignment, not experimental, view and record measurements of natural behavior Difficult to analyse certain behavior which occur rarely or in private (peoples’ willingness to help a rape victim Ethnography Study of cultures by observing from the inside ie being a part of it Interrater reliability eliability of an experiment based on level of agreement from 2 or more independent judges Archival analysis Secondary source information based on historical records like newspapers, diaries etc. But information is limited and may be incomplete or inaccurate, and there is no way to prove it Correlational method 2 variables that are measured and linear relationship observed Correlation coefficient degree to which 2 variables a re directly related to one another Surveys Asked questions about attitudes or behavior Can judge relationship between variables that are difficult to observe and are capable of sampling representative segments of the population Random selection To ensure good representation. Experimental method random assignment to different conditions, ensuring that there is no bias Each respondent has equal chance of being picked with no bias. Ensures conditions are identical except for the independent variable Independent variable Variable that is changed to see if it has an effect on some other variable Dependent variable Variable that is influenced by the independent variable. Dependent variable depends on the level of independent variable. p-value Significant if the value is less than 5% that the results might be due to chance factors. Internal validity Degree to which items within the test measure the construct. Nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable. By controlling for all extraneous variables and random assignment External validity Extent to which experiment can be generalised to other situations Psychological realism extent to which psychological process in an experiment are similar to those that occur in everyday life Cover story disguised version of a study’s true purpose. This increases psych realism as the story makes people feel they are in a real event. Field research Increases external validity by studying behavior outside the lab in natural settings Replications Ultimate test of external validity. Generalised to different settings, people etc. Meta-analysis Averages results of 2 or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable. Basic research Done purely out of curiosity to find answers Applied research Intends to solve particular problems Cross-cultural research Research done with other cultures to see if psychological processes are present or if unique to certain cultures Informed consent Agreement to participate, full awareness of the nature of experiment that is explained in advance Deception Misleading participants about true purpose of study Institutional review board reviews reasearch and its ethicality before allowing it to be conducted. must include at least 1 scientist, nonscientist and person nonaffiliated with institution. Debriefing Explaining to participants the true purpose of study and what transpired at the end of the experiment. CHAPTER 3 Automatic thinking Unconscious, involuntary, effortless Controlled thinking is more effortful and deliberate Schemas mental structures that organise our knowledge about the social world, which influence the information we notice, think and remember. Applied to race or sex, schemas are stereotypes. We have schemas because they help us figure out whats going on. Accessibility extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of peoples’ minds and therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world. Priming Automatic thinking. Process by which recent experiences increase accessibility of a schema, trait or concept. ome chronically accessible due to past experience – constantly active and ready to use to interpret ambiguous situations accessible because it is related to a current goal accessible because of recent experiences Self-fulfilling Prophecy Prediction that causes an event to come true based on positive reinforcements between belief and behavior Peoples ex pectations of what another is like - influences how they act to the person - causes a reaction consistent with peoples’ original expectations -; makes expectations come true Often occurs but in some occasions, peoples’ true nature will win out in social interaction Judgmental heuristic mental strategy and shortcut to make quick and effective judgments. Using schemas. Availability heuristic Basing a judgment on self or others on the ease with which you bring something to mind. Linked to accessibility. But sometimes what is easily recalled is not typical of overall picture, leading to wrong conclusions Representativeness heuristic Classifying something according to how similar it is to a typical case. Like how similar Wang Nan is to all China people. Or scoring well in tests because asian Base Rate Information Information about relative frequency of members of different categories in the population Contents of our Schemas is influenced by our culture Differences in Western and Eastern Culture Western: Analytic Thinking – focusing on properties of objects without considering surrounding context (individualistic culture influence) Eastern: Holistic Thinking – focus on the overall context, in ways that objects relate to each other (collective culture) Controlled thinking thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful. You read "Hcm Chapter 10 11 12" in category "Essay examples" Can switch on and off at will. Counterfactual thinking mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been. Aiyah why never get gold but i got silver Thought suppression Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget. Like ex gf, stomachache etc. Monitoring process – automatic part, searches for evidence that the unwanted thought is about to intrude the consciousness. Then the operating process – controlled part comes into play. The effortful attempt to distract oneself by finding something else to think of. When one is lacking in energy or preoccupied (under cognitive load), the operating process lets the intruding thought go unchecked leading to hyperaccessibility – the unwanted thought occurs with high frequency The ore you try not to think of something, the more it intrudes. Overconfidence barrier People usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of judgments (sure pass! sure this sure that) break this barrier by addressing overconfidence directly, giving possibility of them being wrong teach people directly some basic statistical and methodological principles to learn how to rea son correctly, and hoping they will apply these principles CHAPTER 4 Social Perception study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about others Nonverbal communication how people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words. ody language, touch etc. Mirror neurons brain cell that respond when we perform an action and when we see someone else perform the same action. When people yawn, we yawn. automatically and involuntarily. Encode Express nonverbal behavior like smiling Decode To interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior. was the smile genuine or sarcastic 6 major emotions that can be recognised cross-culturally happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust. Maybe contempt and pride. Affect blends one part of the face registers one emotion while another part registers a ifferent emotion. blend of anger and disgust. This makes decoding sometimes inaccurate Display rules particular to each culture, and dictate the type of emotions people should show. Emblems gestures with clear, well understood definitions – middle finger, gangsta Implicit personality theory Type of schema used to group various personality traits together. Someone who is kind is also generous Relying on schemas might lead us to make wrong assumptions, might even resort to sterotype One culture’s implicit personality theory might be different from another. America has â€Å"Artistic personality† but Chinese have no schema for that. Attribution theory how we infer causes of people’s behavior Internal attribution Attribute a behavior to someone’s personal traits didn’t give money cos selfish External attribution Attribute behavior to a situation outside of person’s traits didn’t give money cos train was coming Covariation model To form a rational and logical attribution about what caused a behavior, we note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs. why she dont lend me? did she use to lend me? does she lend to others? † Consensus information extent to which others behave the same way towards the same stimulus as me (low consensus: boss only yells at me) Distinctiveness info how the actor responds to other stimuli (low distinctiveness: boss yells at others too) Consistency information frequency with which the observed behav ior between same actor and same stimulus occur over time and circumstance (high consistency: boss yells at me everytime he sees me) When the above info combine into a pattern, attribution is made. Internal attribution – consensus and distinctiveness low, consistency high External attribution – consensus, distinctiveness, consistency high Situational attribution – assumes something unusual because consistency low. People rely more on consistency and distinctiveness info and less on consensus info. Correspondence bias Tendency to infer that peoples’ behavior corresponds to their dispositions and personality. I sit on reserved seat because i am disrespectful Perceptual salience seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention. If we can’t see the situation, we ignore its importance. e pay attention to people instead (easier to see than the situation) and tend to think that they cause their own behavior. Two step process of making attributions 1. Internally attribute. (quickly and spontaneously) 2. Then adjust this attribution by considering the situation the person was in. But often, we don’t adjust enough, and when we are distracted or preoccupied, we skip this step, making an extreme internal attribution. (requires effort and conscious attention) if we consciously slow down and think carefully, and if we’re motivated to reach an accurate judgment, we will go the 2nd step. Actor/observer difference tendency to see other people’s behavior as caused by personality but to see one’s own behavior as caused by situations Because of perceptual salience – notice other’s behavior more than the situation. notice our own situation more than our behavior. What is most salient to me? i don’t always look inward. I look outward and therefore my situation more than myself. Because of information availability. I know more about myself so have more consistency and distinctiveness information about myself. and therefore EXTERNALLY ATTRIBUTE. Self-serving attribution endency to take credit for my success by internal attribution, but blame others or situation for failure. Really just want to maintain self-esteem by doing so. We also just want others to think well of us. Due to the type of information available to people, I know i didn’t score well for the test because it is unfair. I know i am smart. but my teacher thinks i am stup id. Different info. Defensive attributions explanations for behavior that defend us from vulnerability and mortality feelings believing that bad things only happen to bad people. or terminal diseases happen to us and we take steps to deny the fact. Belief in a just world) In countries with extreme rich and poor, just world beliefs are more common, compared with countries with more evenly distributed wealth. Self-serving bias prevalent in many western societies but less in Asian cultures where values of modesty and harmony is valued (china, japan etc) Individualistic cultures – look outside themselves to explain failure Collectivistic cultures – look inward to explain failure, garnering sympathy and compassion which strengthens harmony between people CHAPTER 5 Self-concept knowledge about who we are Self-awareness act of thinking about ourselves Cocktail party effect – in a crowded room yu catch someone say ur name with selective attention. after hearing own name in irrelevant stream, percentage of errors for the relevant stream increased spotlight effect – mistaken impressino that ppl are noticing u actually only 23% Self-awareness and self-concept combine to create identity. As children, we have concrete self-concepts, referencing clear-cut observable characteristics like age, sex, hobbies. As adults, we emphasise psychological states and considerations of how others judge us Independent view of self Defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions. Interdependent view of self Defining oneself in terms of relationships with others and recognising that behavior is often determined by thought, feelings, and actions of others. Westerns take more to independent sense of self than Asian culture. Women have more relational interdependence – focusing more on relationships. More likely to discuss emotions than men Men have collective interdependence – focusing on memberships in larger groups. Like sports teams Self-awareness theory when people focus attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare behavior to internal standards and values. hen people are self-aware, it reminds them of a sense of right and wrong and are less likely to err. East asians likely to have outside perspective of self (how others see them). Western have insider perspective (individualistic) Causal theories Theories about what influences feelings and behavior like â€Å"absence makes the heart grow fonder† Reason-generated attitude change a ttitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for your attitudes. you assume your attitude matches the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalise. break up because she chews gum loudly. Self-perception theory when our feelings and attitudes are uncertain, we infer the feelings by observing our behavior and the situation which it occurs. We infer only when we are not sure how we feel. And we judge whether our behavior really reflects how we feel or because it is the situation that made us act that way. not sure if i like classical music. but i listen to 92. 4 willingly. therefore i must love classical music. if gf listens to korean song and not me who tuned in, then i am unlikely to conclude that i listen because i like it Intrinsic motivation esire to engage in an activity because i enjoy it Extrinsic motivation desire to engage because of the rewards that come with it According to self-perception theory, If i were initially intrinsically motivated, but was instead paid to do it, the motivation will slowly change to extrinsic and i’ll eventually lose pure interest for it. Over-justification effect results when i view my behavior as caused by extrinsic reasons , making me underestimate the extent to which the behavior is caused by intrinsic reasons Task-contingent rewards rewards for doing a task regardless of results Performance-contingent rewards rewards from how well i perform a task 2 factor theory of emotion idea that emotional experience is a result of a 2-step self-perception process in which i first experience physiological arousal then seek an appropriate explanation for it. Misattribution of arousal making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do standing on a swaying bridge and receiving a request to do a survey from a chiobu. your initial heightened heart rate due to the scary bridge is misattributed to u liking the girl Appraisal theories of emotion Your emotion depends on the way you interpret or explain the event, in the absense of psychological arousal. You want to go med sch. your friend gets in instead. you feel threatened and therefore moody. Fixed mindset we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change. fixed intelligence, athletic ability etc. likely to give up after setbacks. less likely to hone skills Growth mindset abilities are malleable qualities that can cultivate and grow. view setbacks as opportunities to improve Social comparison theory learn about own abilities and attitudes by comparing with others Downward social comparison compare with someone lousier to feel better about myself Upward social comparison compare with someone better to have a goal to strive towards Social tuning groups of friends or people adopting similar attitudes through social influence Self-regulatory resource model stats that we must have plenty of energy when we are trying to control our actions. Suggests that the level of glucose in the bloodstream is spent when we exert self-control Impression management attempt to get others to see me the way i want to be seen. Facebook Ingratiation using flattery or praise to make myself likeable to another, often a higher-status person (ANGKAT) self-handicapping people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so if they do poorly on a task, people avoid blaming themselves. Self-handicap by creating obstacles that reduce the likelihood they will succeed on a task. So if they fail, they blame on these obstacles rather than lack of ability. Includes drugs, alcohol, failure to prepare Also by devising ready-made excuses in case they fail. Test anxiety, moods, symptoms, events from the past. We may evntually believe the excuses and exert less effort in future. People dislike others who self-handicap so they run the risk of informal sanctions. Eastern cultures like to save face more than western cultures, and have a more independent view of themselves than ang moh. CHAPTER 6 Cognitive dissonance the feeling of discomfort when you hold 2 or more inconsistent cognitions. caused by an action that is usually against one’s usual, typically positive self-conception reduce dissonance by: changing behavior (stop smoking) changing dissonant cognitions (nah.. igs don’t cause cancer) adding new cognitions (my grandpa smoke so much also never kena) people experiencing dissonance deny or distort reality to reduce it. Impact bias when people think of how they will react to future negative events, they overestimate the intensity of duration of their negative emotional reactions. Like overestimate emo-time when u break up The need to maintain self-esteem leads us to rationa lise our behavior, which may not be rational thinking. Post-decisional dissonance when after making a decision you believe more in your choice and devaluate the rejected choice. he more important and more difficult to revoke the decision, the greater the dissonance. eg which car to by vs which cup irrevocability of a decision always increases dissonance and the motivation to reduce it. lowballing technique – initially quote low price, after customer decides to buy, say it was an error, actual price is higher. frequently customer will still buy. Because there is already a commitment of sorts. Decision to behave immorally Cheating – if u didnt see the chem paper you wouldn’t have gotten into SMU Dissonance theory says i’ll justify the action by minimising the negative aspects of the action i chose. . e. changing my attitude about cheating that it is not so bad and everyone does it. In terms of personal values: the cheat and non-cheat initially starts at the same attitude. after one decides their path, the attitude towards cheating diverges sharply as a consequence of actions, moving towards one extreme (from its not bad vs it’s not good diverge to cheating is no big deal. vs expel cheaters! ) Justification of effort tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they worked hard to attain. the tougher the initiation, the more we like the group (go OCS i like it so much) External justification reason for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual, in order to receive a large reward or avoid severe punishment friend altered an ugly dress so now cannot return. since she already changed it, just tell her u like it. you don’t want to hurt her by saying it sucks. Internal justification reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself like attitude. when cannot find external justification, will attempt to find internal. if the same friend is very rich and buying another dress isn’t a problem, your external justifying reasons for lying to her is minimal. o you experience internal justification, by noticing some good things about the dress. eventually, you will like the fugly dress. This is counterattitudinal advocacy – occurs when we claim to have an opinion that differs from our true beliefs. when we do this with little external justification, and more internal justific, we will believe it’s more and more like the lie we told. Hypocrisy induction arousal of dissonance by making statements that counter peoples’ behaviors and then reminding them of the inconsistency between what they advocated and their behavor. This purpose is to lead individuals to more responsible behavior counterattitudinal advocacy example. people who are made mindful of their hypocrisy between the statements they make and their initial beliefs begin to practice what they preach. Insufficient punishment dissonance when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually resulting in devaluing the forbidden activity or object. insufficient punishment causes insufficient external justification, which makes one internally justify. eg. child bully. f punishment is harsh – sufficient external justification (i dont beat him cos teacher will cane). if punishment is mild, (why am i not beating him up? ) the bully will refrain from beating, even though he wants to. but he lacks complete justification for not beating, so he will reduce dissonance by convincing himself that he does not really want to beat up the guy. Small reward or mild punishment leads to internal j ustification -; self-persuasion -; lasting change. Self-persuasion long-lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification. ore permanent that direct attempts at persuasion by others because persuasion takes place internally. Ben franklin effect when we do a favour for a person we do not like, we will end up liking the person more. How do u hate your victims? convince yourself that the ppl u killed are less than human convince yourself they deserved to be hurt similar to nazis convincing themselves jews are subhuman Dissonance-reducing behavior less prevalent in collectivist cultures on the surface. Also may be that self-justification occurs in collectivistic societies in more communal ways. In japan, dissonance reduced after saying a boring task is interesting. In addition, if a jap observes a person he knows and likes saying the that the boring task is interesting, he himself will experience dissonance and change attitudes. CHAPTER 8 Conformity Changing one’s behavior due to real or imagined influences of others Informational social influence influence of others leads us to conform because we see them as a source of info to guide behavior. We believe that others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more accurate than ours, and will help us choose an appropriate course of action. women learning what an attractive body is from family, friends and media. en’s body must be muscular (mens health, gyms etc) Private acceptance conform to behavior of others because genuinely believe that the other people are correct Public compliance conform to behavior of others without necessarily believing what they do is correct. to avoid looking silly or foolish. By wanting to get things right, you are more susceptible to informat ional social influence. In low importance conditions – conform to others less than in high importance conditions. (same answers for CAT and AS midterm) The more important the decision is to us, the more we will rely on others for information. Contagion rapid spread of emotions or behavior through a crowd eg mass panic of war of the worlds Mass psychogenic illness occurrence of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause in a group of people. begins with one or a few reporting physical symptoms, then others who observe these sick people were more likely to fall sick too. Mass media also disseminates mass psychogenic illness quickly. maybe H1N1 swine flu n sars. Ambiguous situation The more uncertain you are, the more u will rely on others. Crisis situation we see how others respond and do likewise (stampedes) When others are experts he more expertise a person has, he will be a valuable guide in an ambiguous situation Social norms rules for acceptable behaviors, values and beliefs deviants can be ridiculed, punished, rejected Normative social influence when influence of others leads us to conform to be liked and accepted by them. (all the 369 tattoos on forehead) results in public compliance and not necessarily p rivate acceptance we tend to wear what’s stylish but do u really believe that mat caps are that nice? women’s attempts to create ideal body that u learnt through informational influence. men go gym Asch line (long line study) onformity occured because of fear of being the lone dissenter we conform for normative reasons because we dont want social disapproval even from complete strangers. also, we feel discomfort and tension when we stand up for beliefs and go against the group What if you resist normative social influence? group will try to align you with their beliefs by increased communication through teasing and long discussions if all fails, then start to say negative things and withdraw from me Cultural definitions of attractive body changes throughout the years. last time, fat girl was attractive, because looks healthy and fertile. Today, models all so skinny. Jap culture places great emphasis on conformity than american culture. Normative pressure to be skinny is more for Japs than americans Social impact theory likelihood that i respond to social influence by others depends on strength: how important to me is the group? immediacy: how close is the group to me in space and time during the attempt to influence me? number: how many people in the group? conformity will increase as the factors above increase. Group size and social impact Conformity increased when no of group increased. beyond 3 people, conformity does not increase much. Groups we identify strongly with and we like will exert more normative influence on us. Conforming to a group earns idiosyncracy credits (can occasionally deviate from group norms without sanction) When no one else in the group believes the same as you, normative social influence is the highest. You tend to conform to them. But if you have 1 ally, pressure to conform greatly decreases. (12 angry men example) when group’s culture is collectivistic, people are highly conforming because of factors like cooperation and loyalty. Conformity in collective cultures is a valued trait. but in western it is a negative trait. Hunting/Fishing culture (western) values assertiveness and independence. Agriculture (eastern) values value cooperative, conformity. Minority influence case where minority of group members influence behavior of majority. through consistency. keep expressing the same view, and different members of minority must agree with one another. majority eventually takes notice. minorities exert influence through informational means, not normative. Majorities obtain public compliance through normative influence Minorities obtain private acceptance through informational influence. 12 angry men best example. Injunctive norms eoples’ perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved by others. Motivate behavior through punishment or rewards. Littering is wrong. â€Å"DO NOT LITTER† more powerful in the face but promote normative conformity. (public compliance) Descriptive norms perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether behavior is app roved by others or not. Motivate behavior by informing people about what is effective or adaptive behavior. Littering is wrong (injunctive). There are times where people are likely to litter (Descriptive norms) â€Å"LITTERING IS NOT WHAT PEOPLE DO HERE† Less powerful in the face but promote informational influence. creates positive change. Boomerang effect by giving an â€Å"average† as a norm, people who usually did less than the average might end up increasing the activity to meet the â€Å"average†, thereby defeating the purpose of decreasing the undesirable behavior. For example alcohol drinking. â€Å"descriptive norm + injunctive norm† mixed messages will have a positive effect on cutting down undesirable behavior. â€Å"you used this much energy. On average, households use x amount of energy a day (descriptive – what society does). You used X+2 energy :( (the face showing disapproval is injunctive – what is viewed as wrong. ) Obedience to authority behavior of soldiers made killing seem like the right thing (informational influence) and soldiers wanted to avoid rejection from others (normative influence) my lai village massacre. Milgram’s studies Authority say â€Å"it is essential you continue† difficult to say no to insistent authority Normative influence – acting on their influence in order to be accepted by others When the authority left the room lack of informational influence When authority was replaced by a regular person he lacks expertise, no incentive to follow Importance of authority figures when 2 authority figures disagreed about whether to continue the study, thereby creating ambigous definition of the situation, 100% of the participants stopped conforming. Other reasons we obey Conforming to the wrong norm Once u follow one norm, it is hard to switch midstream. (slowly realising that delivering electric shocks was not good but still continued) Difficult to abandon the â€Å"obey authority† norm in Milgram because: experiment was fast-paced, preventing reflection on the situation. of self-justification. Initial agreement to do the test created internal pressure to obey subsequently. As participants delivered each shock, they justified in their heads, and each successive ladder made it hard to decide when to stop (215 and 230 volts not much different) of loss of personal responsibility. Experimenters are responsible for end results, and i am â€Å"just following orders† Unethical studies have Deception hiding true purpose of the study No true informed consent not told of the full details of study Psychological distress Not told they had right to withdraw Inflicted insight when the study ended, some learnt things about themselves that they didnt agree to beforehand (like obey orders to hurt someone) How to cite Hcm Chapter 10 11 12, Essay examples