Saturday, May 23, 2020

5. 2 Microeconomic Level Micro-Economic Level - 1587 Words

5.2 Micro-economic level Several narratives show that the rate of enterprise ownership are higher among immigrants than non-immigrants in most developed economies such as the US, UK, Canada, Germany, France and Australia (Taylor et al. 2014; Gomez et al. 2015; Linden et al. 2017). The study by Gomez et al. (2015) indicates while the rate of self-employment surges amongst immigrants, the rate is decreasing among non-immigrants in the US. The study by Linden et al. (2017) in most European countries shows that skilled immigrants are likely to begin enterprises with around 8 employees than comparable non-immigrants. This is because they understand the field they operate in through the training they have gained. Gomez et al. (2015) use the†¦show more content†¦Despite earlier reasons for assuming that immigrants are more entrepreneurial than non-immigrants, empirical evidence does not support this premise (Turkina and Thai, 2013). An OECD study found that immigrant entrepreneurs – as measured by the rate of sole proprietorship – is more prevalent than non-immigrant entrepreneurship in only 15 countries out of 26 OECD countries (OECD, 2015). This suggests that in approximately half of the OECD countries, immigrants are not likely than non-immigrants to engage in sole proprietorship. In addition, in countries with large percentages of immigrants such as Germany, Italy and Sweden, immigrants are less likely than non-immigrants to engage in sole businesses (OECD, 2015). Interestingly, Linden et al. (2017) notes that immigrants living in Germany perceived themselves as having limited skills to operate businesses and were more risk averse than non-immigrants. 6. Discussion The study found that immigrant entrepreneurs to possess the same psychological and personal entrepreneurial attributes as non-immigrant where businesses are opened due to necessity factors or opportunity factors. However, most literature indicate that the immigrant entrepreneur is more committed and willing to sacrifice to make the business a success. Multiple reasons have been mentioned as a motivator for resilience among immigrant entrepreneurs such as a need for a source of income to provide for the family – survival;Show MoreRelatedMicroeconomic and Tourism1182 Words   |  5 PagesMicroeconomic and Tourism I. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. II. The significance of tourism to economic. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ III. The impact of tourism on local society. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... IV. The effects of tourism on microeconomics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. V. UAE as an example for the subject. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. VI. Clusters and competitiveness of the UAE. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................ VII. Conclusion. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ VIII. List of figures. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read MoreComparative Study on Consumption Patterns of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices846 Words   |  4 PagesJuices A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CONSUMPTION PATTERNS OF SOFT DRINKS AND FRUIT JUICES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Soft Drinks were common preference among all the individuals before juices were being introduced, With the changing lifestyle and income levels, people are shifting their consumption patterns and have therefore become more health conscious thus leading to increase in demand of juices. Market Research is based on some underlying parameters like: †¢ Changing consumption pattern †¢ HealthRead MoreMicroeconomics1441 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples give 5 reasons why the study of microeconomics is important. Microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individual s behaviour and decisions affect the supply and demand for goods and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and businesses are crucial, unlike the study of macroeconomics, which focuses on national and international economic trends. Despite the differences between the two fields, however, micro-level trends andRead MoreObjectives of Macroeconomics1477 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics 1.1 INTRODUCTION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Macro means large, and micro means small. Microeconomics takes a close-up view of the economy by concentrating on the choices made by individual participants in the economy such as consumers, workers, business managers and investors. Microeconomics stresses on the role of prices in business and personal decisions. One of its major goalsRead MoreEconomic Model Of Supply And Demand788 Words   |  4 PagesECNM 612 MACRO ECONOMICS MIDTERM I. DEFINITIONS. Define any 10 terms. Give examples where pertinent. Macro Economics Opportunity cost Model / Theory Micro Economics Real capital Fiscal Deficit GDP Debt Net exports Consumer Price Index Producer Price Index Consumption spending Investment Inflation Production Possibility Curve II. ESSAY QUESTIONS. Answer any TWO questions. Answer all parts of each question that you choose. 1. Read MoreBmw (Project Proposal on Bmw)1635 Words   |  7 Pages Strategies and Tactics Employed by BMW in Pricing, Production and Resource Utilization using Micro And Macroeconomic Theory MBA Full time Sept. Intake 2012 Course Module Managerial Economics Course Co ordinator Ceyhun Elci Read MoreQuestions on Milk: Markets, Prices, and Price Setting1452 Words   |  6 Pageswould result would be a milk shortage, much like the housing shortage that resulted from rent control. All milk would sell at the highest possible end of the spectrum, because supply would always be insufficient to meet demand. 2. Read section 1 and 2 of Chapter 5. What are some of the determinants of the price elasticity of demand? Some of the determinants of the price elasticity of demand are the availability of substitutes, the importance in household budgets (which is frequently based onRead MoreEcon 11287 Words   |  6 Pagesmarkings or note in the book. Unfortunately, the student would have to pay more out of pocket for the new book. If the expected benefits of purchasing a new textbook out weigh the cost, then the rational person would purchase the new textbook. 2. (Resources) To which category of resources does each of the following belong? c. A taxicab iii. Physical Capital (a manufactured item used to produce a service) d. Computer software iv. Physical Capital (a manufacturedRead MoreSmall Medium Enterprises Of Brunei Darussalam : Business Ecosystem, Economic Constraints And Counter Measures1306 Words   |  6 PagesProject Topic Small Medium Enterprises in Brunei Darussalam: Business ecosystem, economic constraints counter measures. The project objectives are as follows; †¢ To define what are SMEs and determine the business ecosystem in the country. †¢ To identify economic challenges that SMEs are facing in Brunei Darussalam †¢ To determine what kind of counter measure that has been done and potential solution for the problems. The following project questions were formulated based on the project objectives;Read MoreEconomic Perspective2203 Words   |  9 PagesSS141 Macro-Economics Professor Patrick Yanez Study Questions – Chapter 1 These questions are to facilitate your discussion groups and/or tutoring sessions. Answers are listed at the end of this file. Since our class time is limited to introducing new topics, we do not have time to review these questions in class; please use your discussion group and/or tutoring session to review these questions. 1. For economists, the word utility means: A) versatility and flexibility. B) rationality

Monday, May 18, 2020

Nike Competitive Advantage - 1089 Words

* 1. MGMT65000 – Strategic Management – spring 2011 Test 1 By: Divya Mishra School of Management Purdue University Calumet Submitted to: Dr. Arifin Angriawan1|Page * 2. Company profile amp; backgroundNIKE, Inc. is engaged in the design, development and worldwide marketing of footwear,apparel, equipment and accessory products. . It sells its products to around 18,000 retail accountsin the United States and through a mix of independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries innearly 200 countries. NIKE is the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world.The Company creates designs for men, women and children. The top selling product categoryincludes running, basketball, childrens, cross-training and womens†¦show more content†¦NIKE Innovations NIKE with Apple: The NIKE+ package consists of a pair of specially designed NIKE+ running shoes, an iPod nano, and a NIKE + iPod sport kit. The kit consists of a sensor that fits into a built-in p ocket beneath the insole of the left shoe and a receiver that fits into the iPod nano dock connector. As a person runs, iPod tells the distance, pace, and calories burned via voice feedback that adjusts music volume as it plays. (Google image) Design your own shoes: NIKE allows customers to design their own shoes from a catalogue of predefined designs. Customers can choose their own colors and mascots to create shoes which define their personality. It provides Touch screen technology in store allowing customers to design shoes of choice. (Google image) Nike self lacing automatic shoes: NIKE is also coming up with the new automatic self lacing sneakers. The automatic lacing system provides a set of straps that can be automatically opened and closed to switch between a loosened and tightened position.4|Page * 5. Critical data of Nike Annual Report$ Millions 2010Net Income 1,906.7Current Liability 3,364.2Total Assets 14419.3Tax Rate 24.2%Interest Rate 6.35%Long-Term Debt 445.8Return on Equity 19.54%Total Equity 9753.7Weighted Average Cost of Capital 8.9%Capital Employed 11055.1Interest Expense 6.3EBIT 2516.9NOPAT 1907.81Return On Capital Employed 20.7%Economic Value Added 1267.25Cash Flow From Operations* 3164.2Capital expenditure*Show MoreRelatedNike s Offensive Competitive Advantage1206 Words   |  5 PagesOffensive Competitive Advantage There are numerous definitions of competitive strategy; whether, it was defined by a scholar, a textbook, or a dictionary source, it is not the same. A source may refer to this subject as a competitive strategy or a competitive advantage. Therefore, this subject is difficult to understand and then apply to a company. The Five Generic Competitive Strategies that Michael E. Porter developed are not really five strategies, more like five with subsets under them. Nike doesRead MoreBusiness Strategy Concepts Nike Inc.1034 Words   |  5 PagesStrategy Concepts amp; Nike Inc. Nike generic strategy for competitive advantage emphasizes product mix diversity. Nike analyzes what products should be handled and what characteristics should meet to aim success. When applying a competitive strategy, the product plays a role as a link between supply and demand, so the success is determined by the ability of the company to overtake the competition and of course, by the quality of the product from the client’s perspective. Nike adapts their productsRead MoreNike s Core Competency : The Risky Business Of Fairy Tales1413 Words   |  6 Pagesscandal such as criminal activity or cheating. Nike has been successful with any of their endorsements, but there are cases of athletes not so successful. In Nike’s endorsement history, there are multiple cases that athletes were involved in scandals. Phil Knight, who is the Chief Executive Officer at Nike, states that these scandals are, â€Å"part of the game† (Rothaermel MiniCase 8. Nike’s Core Competency: The Risky Business of Fairy Tales. 447). Nike continues to endorse these athletes such as MichaelRead MoreNikes Core Competencies Exist In Their1511 Words   |  7 Pagestheir products and markets. Although Nike does not manufacture any of its own shoes, the company is still today’s leader in selling athletic shoes and apparel. Nikes marketing strategy is an important component of the companys success. Nike is located as a premium-brand, selling well-designed and costly products. Nike lures clients with a marketing strategy centring on their brand image: a distinctive logo (the Swoosh ) and the advertising slogan Just Do It. Nike promotes its products by supportRead MoreA Critical Tool Of Human Resource Management For Lean Manufacturing At Nike824 Words   |  4 Pagescritical tool of Human resource management for lean manufacturing at Nike, it helps to utilize their labor force’s continuous improvement by providing practices. The management at form of standardized CI such as quality award, institute improvement, external benchmarking programs. Additionally, Nike’s scoring card established to ensure all staffs by performing at Nike’s standards. Thou gh this new standard of factory self-governance, Nike is allowed for notifying their essential attention and resourceRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike, Adidas, Aon, And Nike1161 Words   |  5 Pageswoe more customers. The sports industry is not any exception. The industry confronts lots of competition amongst its key players. The major players as discussed in the industry analysis paper are Puma, Adidas, AON, and Nike. This essay entails a discussion of the competitive strategies each firm has over the others, giving reasons why the brands have been exceptional in the market. Strengths and weaknesses of Puma A SWOT analysis may be utilized to investigate into the strengths and weaknessesRead MoreAnalysis of Nike by Porter Five Forces Model1430 Words   |  6 PagesFamily name Bao First name Cheng ( Steven ) Title: The analysis of Nike in athletic footwear market based on porter’s Five forces model 1. Introduction One and a half months ago, the biggest athletic event in the world  ultimately drew its curtains after a pitched one-month-long battle, which saw thirty-two teams vying for the roll of honor of being crowned the final kings of football – the World Champions – and earn bragging rights for four years at least. It was not onlyRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Paper1535 Words   |  7 Pages(CPS Human Resource Services, 2007). To show the benefits of an environmental scan and competitive advantages that could result from this tool, this paper will conduct an environmental scan of the companies A.O. Smith Water Products Company and Nike Incorporated. The environmental scan of these two companies will examine A.O. Water Products Company and Nike Inc value and sustain their competitive advantages using their business strategies. This environmental scan will analyze the measurement guidelinesRead MoreMarketing Plan, Phase Ii1226 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor: Cecilia Kelly The global recession has changed the buying behavior of people around the world. Understanding and meeting the needs of the customer better than the competition is the most important aspect of marketing. For a company like Nike to achieve this goal, it must first identify its target market. The best way to define the target market is through segmentation. In this paper Team A will identify the segmentation criteria that will affect the market selection for the StressRead MoreHow The Super Brand Nike Make Supply Chains Sustainable?1035 Words   |  5 PagesPart 2 - How to Make Supply-Chains Sustainable? Introduction The super brand Nike produce approximately 900 million units of apparels and footwear annually through the supply chain involving over 16,000 selected materials from more than 1,500 different vendors, chosen from a staggering 80,000 material options (Nike, Inc. FY12/13). For example, a single pair of shoes can be made up of 30-plus materials on average (Nike, Inc. FY12/13). These materials include natural fibers such as cotton and wool

Monday, May 11, 2020

My Family s Life Changed Forever - 1277 Words

Back in May of 2000, my family’s life changed forever. It all started when Chris, my father, went to work. While Chris was at work he noticed that he was having difficulties completing his daily tasks. During his daily tasks he had a hard time typing and his hand writing was all jittery. Due to these difficulties, Chris decided to tell his boss that he needed to leave early that day. When Chris got home his symptoms got worse, so Jean, my mother, decided to take him to the emergency room. When Chris was filling out the forms at the emergency room he realized that it became hard for him to hold the pencil, and was slowly becoming partially paralyzed. Chris and Jean were taken back to a room where he had to complete multiple tests. After the emergency room completed the computerized tomography scan of the brain, the emergency room could not determine what the cause of the partial paralysis was. The emergency room ended up emitting Chris into the hospital, and having to call a neurologist for assistance. Three days had passed and the doctors could not explain what was causing the partial paralysis. The insurance company told the hospital that they would not cover anymore medical expenses, forcing the hospital to kick Chris out. The doctors told Chris to wait two hours then return to the emergency room to reregister. Another day passed with several more tests including bloodwork, magnetic resonance imaging, and spinal fluid extraction. After all these tests, doctors finallyShow MoreRelatedHow I Missed Quality Time With The Children1028 Words   |  5 Pageshours a day and even when I was home, my attention wasn t all there. My middle daughter, Sara, will never forget that I didn t show up for her awards assembly when she was 8. I don t even remember missing it. I was focused on making enough money. Enough for a pool table, enough for a hot tub, enough for unnecessary things that humans want. The second type of people seem to spend all their time having one celebration or another, going on trips at a moment s notice, always doing things togetherRead MoreThe Perfect Family Became A Broken Home1101 Words   |  5 Pagescoming back, whimpered my dad. At that moment, that is all we ever knew. It was all anyone ever knew. The perfect family became a broken home in 2009, but not just any broken home. It became a home searching for a renewing, searching for a reconnection. With whom? Well, we did not quite know that answer at that point of our beautiful tragedy either. From the alcoholic father, to the sleepless mother, I grew up in a family that seemed perfect enough for me. My dad, my mom, my sister Charli, and I spentRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard And Find By Flannery O Connor And Young Goodman Brown1702 Words   |  7 PagesThe two stories I chose were A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Both of these stories have characters who acknowledge their lives changed by taking a risk on evil. The main characters, Goodman Brown and the Grandmother, believe they are good Christians who will receive glorious rewards when they pass. While Hawthorne analyzes the Puritan/Calvinistic beliefs that are confusing and harsh, Goodman can t find restitution. O Connor allowsRead MoreCharles Darwin And Evolution Of Humans1643 Words   |  7 PagesTiger Sikka Mr. Pimentel WCIV-H May 4th 2015 Charles Darwin (Intro) A man named Charles Darwin forever changed the world, especially within western civilizations. The idea of how humans and animals came to be was very confusing and there was no set reason of this. People forever wondered how they came to be on this planet. Many different ideas and theories were made, but there was no scientific reasoning on exactly the way humans and animals are here. Today, the theory is still in debate. It isRead MoreI Am I About My Family And Friends1161 Words   |  5 PagesIt changed my life forever. I am lucky for what I have. Family and friends. Although I will be in a wheelchair the rest of my life, I’m lucky to still be living after what happened. Here’s the story. â€Å"Wanna come with me?† Mom asked, â€Å"I’m going to the grocery store. ¨ It was easter morning. My mom was going to the grocery store to get some orange juice that she forgot yesterday. I mean really, you can’t have easter without orange juice!  ¨ Sure. I’ll go.† I was bored. I had already collected my easterRead MoreThe Pain Of A Physician Assistant875 Words   |  4 Pagesand flesh being cut invaded my ten years old mind. Peritonitis, was what I had, â€Å"unfortunately† I thought then, yet â€Å"fortunately† I know now. My calling in life was then discovered and for that I will be forever grateful. Petrified and alone, I was yearning for someone to understand my fear and explain what is about to happen to me; to clarify what the doctors said. That s when a Physician Assistant walked in and changed my life forever. I will always remember Julie s smile and reassuring voiceRead MoreNarrative Essay : The Little Things1096 Words   |  5 Pagespeople, but thought nothing bad could ever happen in my life. Appreciate the little things is what my mom would always tell me. Yeah, Yeah, yeah mom is what I always said, as I rolled my eyes into the back of my head. See, I used to view life a whole lot differently back then. That was until my life changed completely on March 3rd, 2016. The day I began to appreciate the little things. â€Å"The day I almost lost my one and only friend Lauren. I met my best friend Lauren in the 7th grade. I can stillRead MoreNative Americans Of The Haliwa Saponi Tribe1526 Words   |  7 Pagesyou look past the surface of the flower you notice the thorns that accompany it. These flowers are much like people in a sense that what s on the outside is what appeals to others, but just like roses people have thorns that may be seen or unseen. The thorns that I bear can often times be seen but what about the thorns that were removed that left a scar on my stem? Those scars molded me into the woman I am today, pushed me to keep persevering, and taught me a lot about myself and the contributionRead MoreEllianne Heppler. Mr.David. Research Project. 05/08/2017.1700 Words   |  7 PagesCivil War start? Never really knew who the War started that s probably why this subject is so interesting. Personally wanted to know in detail how it happened. The war started because of Slavery. Slavery was a big aspect in the South. The white men didn t think of t he slaves as anything. Basically they thought they were a farm animal that was going to be worn out to its official breaking point. This was a very big issue in the 1850’s Only white men had slaves Black, Men, Women, Children. TheRead MoreI Am Studying For New Degree856 Words   |  4 Pagesfor new degree in U.S. While I m living in another city with my family, but I have never forgotten my high school. This summer, I went back to my country to visit my grandparent and travel. I promised with myself go back to visit my high school, that I could find on my childhood that my childhood associated with high school, where I considered my second home. In the afternoon, I rode on the bike around these streets, and my city changed a lots. The coffee shop in the streets, where I went to school

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Nike Sustainability And Labour Practises - 1217 Words

INTODUCTION We are facing various social, economic, environment challenges today which are getting worse day by day, it may also include rapidly increasing population, and most important unprecedented macroeconomic stress. In order to save the world from a potential catastrophe, we have to make significant changes in our behaviour as well as the system we are in. There is an escalating global movement to address all the issues which may question the sustainability of an organisations. Sustainability of organisations, nations, humanity is becoming a primary goal of the individuals and groups in all the different sectors anyone can think of. Leaders are very keen to launch new sustainability initiatives on a daily basis in order to make the surroundings more sustainable in nature. So now in this report which is based on the case study of â€Å"Nike: sustainability and labour practises†. This case illustrates that Nike was found guilty regarding the labour practises the company was followin g which the reason for the external criticism Nike had to face around the world during 1990 and 2000. The main purpose of this report is to study the sustainable initiatives Nike had to take to tackle these issues and further how much those steps are similar to the theory regarding the sustainability of the organisations. IDENTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLITY INITIATIVES AND AUTHENTICITY Sustainability when we try to understand in the context of corporate is recognizing that the corporation’s longShow MoreRelatedThe Case Organisations Towards Sustainability2077 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction This case study critically examines Nike, the case organisations journey towards sustainability over a period of 15 years after facing intense criticism in 1998 for unsafe working conditions, excessive overtime, restrictions on organising and environmental impact. 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The local competitors are affected. In this way, MNCs can create indirect trade barriers. Third challenge is the differing labour and environmental standards. In this challenge we find that the global supply chain is highly affected. Due to the high demand of MNCs in lowering the price of the goods the suppliers in developing countries go through a ‘race to the bottom’ whereRead MoreBusiness Ethics9512 Words   |  39 Pagesethical issues; personal values 5. Individual response to ethical situation 6. Individual response to ethical issues; whistle blowing 7. Business response to Ethical Issues: Corporate social responsibility 8. Business response to Ethical issues: Sustainability 9. Business responses to ethical issues: ethical codes and standards 10. The International Context: Global and Local Values 11. Moral Leadership 12. 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Skimming is when Adidas first releases a product it is very expensive and then lowers the price overtime. Adidas constantly use skimming price and clothing is higher priced due to the brand equity of Adidas in the clothing and accessoriesRead MoreBusiness Ethics of Nike Inc.5528 Words   |  23 Pageson the requirement given, I have chosen Nike Inc. as the topic of the discussion. Nike Inc. is the world leading company merchant of athletic shoes, sportswear and sports gear based on United States. Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight established the company in the 1964 and during that time Nike Inc. was known as Blue Ribbon Sports. Furthermore, the organization has been experiencing phenomenal growth and rapidly expanding since then. Krentzman (n.d.) claimed ‘Nike sold $3.2 million worth of shoes in 1972Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )2509 Words    |  11 Pagesas: â€Å"The Comprehensive approach organizations take to meet or exceed the expectations of stakeholders beyond such measures as revenue, profit and legal obligations. It covers community investment, human rights and employee relations, environmental practise and ethical conduct† (Mullins, 2013). All definitions of CSR however incorporate the impact companies have on the wider society. CSR initiative can be practiced within the frim, such as implementing methods to reduce the negative environmentalRead MoreGlobalisation Has Revolutionised International Business Essay2702 Words   |  11 Pagesinterdependence growth between national economies (Brooks, Weatherston Wilkinson, 2004). Therefore, in consequence of emerging globalisation, it has impacted the international business organisations; the way international business operating the business practises has changed. The nature of macro-environment based on political, economic, technological, environmental and legal areas is required to be measured and analysed by business organisation, specifically for international firms in order to set the strategyRead MoreRoles of Operations - Essay4389 Words   |  18 Pagesluxury) - Good/Service Differentiation ï‚ § Have a unique/differentiating feature/speciality associated with DESIGN, TECH, FEATURES, BRAND IMAGE, AFTERSALE CUSTOMER SERVICE ï‚ § Products aimed at non-specialist market/niche market ï‚ § E.g Mercedes Benz, Nike or Apple ï‚ § Low volumes and high margins †¢ Goods and/or services in different industries - Hospitality Industry: operations involves what happens between the waiter, kitchen staff and customers - School Education System: operations involves

Hcm Chapter 10 11 12 Free Essays

string(329) " focusing on properties of objects without considering surrounding context \(individualistic culture influence\) Eastern: Holistic Thinking – focus on the overall context, in ways that objects relate to each other \(collective culture\) Controlled thinking thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful\." CHAPTER 1 Social Influence The effect that words, actions, or presence of people have on our attitudes, thoughts, feelings and behavior Construal The way people interpret the social environment. (How do you construe someone’s behavior? Is it polite, rude etc? ) Individual differences aspects of personalities that makes people unique Social psych analyses the individual in the context of a social situation, and it aims to identify universal human nature traits that makes everyone susceptible to social influences, regardless of social class or culture Fundamental attribution error xplaining our own or other peoples’ behavior based on personality characteristics alone. Underestimates social influence Behaviorism Approach to understanding behavior through only reinforcing properties of events. We will write a custom essay sample on Hcm Chapter 10 11 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Positive, negative, punishment, operant conditioning) Gestalt psych Studies subjective way in which an object appears in peoples’ minds, rather than the objective, physical attributes of the subject. Like perceiving a painting as a whole instead of the sum of its parts. Self-esteem The degree to which one views oneself as good, competent and decent Social cognition how people select, interpret, remember and use social information to make judgments and decisions. CHAPTER 2 Hindsight Bias Exaggeration of how much one could predict an outcome after knowing that it already happened Observational method No random assignment, not experimental, view and record measurements of natural behavior Difficult to analyse certain behavior which occur rarely or in private (peoples’ willingness to help a rape victim Ethnography Study of cultures by observing from the inside ie being a part of it Interrater reliability eliability of an experiment based on level of agreement from 2 or more independent judges Archival analysis Secondary source information based on historical records like newspapers, diaries etc. But information is limited and may be incomplete or inaccurate, and there is no way to prove it Correlational method 2 variables that are measured and linear relationship observed Correlation coefficient degree to which 2 variables a re directly related to one another Surveys Asked questions about attitudes or behavior Can judge relationship between variables that are difficult to observe and are capable of sampling representative segments of the population Random selection To ensure good representation. Experimental method random assignment to different conditions, ensuring that there is no bias Each respondent has equal chance of being picked with no bias. Ensures conditions are identical except for the independent variable Independent variable Variable that is changed to see if it has an effect on some other variable Dependent variable Variable that is influenced by the independent variable. Dependent variable depends on the level of independent variable. p-value Significant if the value is less than 5% that the results might be due to chance factors. Internal validity Degree to which items within the test measure the construct. Nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable. By controlling for all extraneous variables and random assignment External validity Extent to which experiment can be generalised to other situations Psychological realism extent to which psychological process in an experiment are similar to those that occur in everyday life Cover story disguised version of a study’s true purpose. This increases psych realism as the story makes people feel they are in a real event. Field research Increases external validity by studying behavior outside the lab in natural settings Replications Ultimate test of external validity. Generalised to different settings, people etc. Meta-analysis Averages results of 2 or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable. Basic research Done purely out of curiosity to find answers Applied research Intends to solve particular problems Cross-cultural research Research done with other cultures to see if psychological processes are present or if unique to certain cultures Informed consent Agreement to participate, full awareness of the nature of experiment that is explained in advance Deception Misleading participants about true purpose of study Institutional review board reviews reasearch and its ethicality before allowing it to be conducted. must include at least 1 scientist, nonscientist and person nonaffiliated with institution. Debriefing Explaining to participants the true purpose of study and what transpired at the end of the experiment. CHAPTER 3 Automatic thinking Unconscious, involuntary, effortless Controlled thinking is more effortful and deliberate Schemas mental structures that organise our knowledge about the social world, which influence the information we notice, think and remember. Applied to race or sex, schemas are stereotypes. We have schemas because they help us figure out whats going on. Accessibility extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of peoples’ minds and therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world. Priming Automatic thinking. Process by which recent experiences increase accessibility of a schema, trait or concept. ome chronically accessible due to past experience – constantly active and ready to use to interpret ambiguous situations accessible because it is related to a current goal accessible because of recent experiences Self-fulfilling Prophecy Prediction that causes an event to come true based on positive reinforcements between belief and behavior Peoples ex pectations of what another is like - influences how they act to the person - causes a reaction consistent with peoples’ original expectations -; makes expectations come true Often occurs but in some occasions, peoples’ true nature will win out in social interaction Judgmental heuristic mental strategy and shortcut to make quick and effective judgments. Using schemas. Availability heuristic Basing a judgment on self or others on the ease with which you bring something to mind. Linked to accessibility. But sometimes what is easily recalled is not typical of overall picture, leading to wrong conclusions Representativeness heuristic Classifying something according to how similar it is to a typical case. Like how similar Wang Nan is to all China people. Or scoring well in tests because asian Base Rate Information Information about relative frequency of members of different categories in the population Contents of our Schemas is influenced by our culture Differences in Western and Eastern Culture Western: Analytic Thinking – focusing on properties of objects without considering surrounding context (individualistic culture influence) Eastern: Holistic Thinking – focus on the overall context, in ways that objects relate to each other (collective culture) Controlled thinking thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful. You read "Hcm Chapter 10 11 12" in category "Essay examples" Can switch on and off at will. Counterfactual thinking mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been. Aiyah why never get gold but i got silver Thought suppression Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget. Like ex gf, stomachache etc. Monitoring process – automatic part, searches for evidence that the unwanted thought is about to intrude the consciousness. Then the operating process – controlled part comes into play. The effortful attempt to distract oneself by finding something else to think of. When one is lacking in energy or preoccupied (under cognitive load), the operating process lets the intruding thought go unchecked leading to hyperaccessibility – the unwanted thought occurs with high frequency The ore you try not to think of something, the more it intrudes. Overconfidence barrier People usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of judgments (sure pass! sure this sure that) break this barrier by addressing overconfidence directly, giving possibility of them being wrong teach people directly some basic statistical and methodological principles to learn how to rea son correctly, and hoping they will apply these principles CHAPTER 4 Social Perception study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about others Nonverbal communication how people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words. ody language, touch etc. Mirror neurons brain cell that respond when we perform an action and when we see someone else perform the same action. When people yawn, we yawn. automatically and involuntarily. Encode Express nonverbal behavior like smiling Decode To interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior. was the smile genuine or sarcastic 6 major emotions that can be recognised cross-culturally happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust. Maybe contempt and pride. Affect blends one part of the face registers one emotion while another part registers a ifferent emotion. blend of anger and disgust. This makes decoding sometimes inaccurate Display rules particular to each culture, and dictate the type of emotions people should show. Emblems gestures with clear, well understood definitions – middle finger, gangsta Implicit personality theory Type of schema used to group various personality traits together. Someone who is kind is also generous Relying on schemas might lead us to make wrong assumptions, might even resort to sterotype One culture’s implicit personality theory might be different from another. America has â€Å"Artistic personality† but Chinese have no schema for that. Attribution theory how we infer causes of people’s behavior Internal attribution Attribute a behavior to someone’s personal traits didn’t give money cos selfish External attribution Attribute behavior to a situation outside of person’s traits didn’t give money cos train was coming Covariation model To form a rational and logical attribution about what caused a behavior, we note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs. why she dont lend me? did she use to lend me? does she lend to others? † Consensus information extent to which others behave the same way towards the same stimulus as me (low consensus: boss only yells at me) Distinctiveness info how the actor responds to other stimuli (low distinctiveness: boss yells at others too) Consistency information frequency with which the observed behav ior between same actor and same stimulus occur over time and circumstance (high consistency: boss yells at me everytime he sees me) When the above info combine into a pattern, attribution is made. Internal attribution – consensus and distinctiveness low, consistency high External attribution – consensus, distinctiveness, consistency high Situational attribution – assumes something unusual because consistency low. People rely more on consistency and distinctiveness info and less on consensus info. Correspondence bias Tendency to infer that peoples’ behavior corresponds to their dispositions and personality. I sit on reserved seat because i am disrespectful Perceptual salience seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention. If we can’t see the situation, we ignore its importance. e pay attention to people instead (easier to see than the situation) and tend to think that they cause their own behavior. Two step process of making attributions 1. Internally attribute. (quickly and spontaneously) 2. Then adjust this attribution by considering the situation the person was in. But often, we don’t adjust enough, and when we are distracted or preoccupied, we skip this step, making an extreme internal attribution. (requires effort and conscious attention) if we consciously slow down and think carefully, and if we’re motivated to reach an accurate judgment, we will go the 2nd step. Actor/observer difference tendency to see other people’s behavior as caused by personality but to see one’s own behavior as caused by situations Because of perceptual salience – notice other’s behavior more than the situation. notice our own situation more than our behavior. What is most salient to me? i don’t always look inward. I look outward and therefore my situation more than myself. Because of information availability. I know more about myself so have more consistency and distinctiveness information about myself. and therefore EXTERNALLY ATTRIBUTE. Self-serving attribution endency to take credit for my success by internal attribution, but blame others or situation for failure. Really just want to maintain self-esteem by doing so. We also just want others to think well of us. Due to the type of information available to people, I know i didn’t score well for the test because it is unfair. I know i am smart. but my teacher thinks i am stup id. Different info. Defensive attributions explanations for behavior that defend us from vulnerability and mortality feelings believing that bad things only happen to bad people. or terminal diseases happen to us and we take steps to deny the fact. Belief in a just world) In countries with extreme rich and poor, just world beliefs are more common, compared with countries with more evenly distributed wealth. Self-serving bias prevalent in many western societies but less in Asian cultures where values of modesty and harmony is valued (china, japan etc) Individualistic cultures – look outside themselves to explain failure Collectivistic cultures – look inward to explain failure, garnering sympathy and compassion which strengthens harmony between people CHAPTER 5 Self-concept knowledge about who we are Self-awareness act of thinking about ourselves Cocktail party effect – in a crowded room yu catch someone say ur name with selective attention. after hearing own name in irrelevant stream, percentage of errors for the relevant stream increased spotlight effect – mistaken impressino that ppl are noticing u actually only 23% Self-awareness and self-concept combine to create identity. As children, we have concrete self-concepts, referencing clear-cut observable characteristics like age, sex, hobbies. As adults, we emphasise psychological states and considerations of how others judge us Independent view of self Defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions. Interdependent view of self Defining oneself in terms of relationships with others and recognising that behavior is often determined by thought, feelings, and actions of others. Westerns take more to independent sense of self than Asian culture. Women have more relational interdependence – focusing more on relationships. More likely to discuss emotions than men Men have collective interdependence – focusing on memberships in larger groups. Like sports teams Self-awareness theory when people focus attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare behavior to internal standards and values. hen people are self-aware, it reminds them of a sense of right and wrong and are less likely to err. East asians likely to have outside perspective of self (how others see them). Western have insider perspective (individualistic) Causal theories Theories about what influences feelings and behavior like â€Å"absence makes the heart grow fonder† Reason-generated attitude change a ttitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for your attitudes. you assume your attitude matches the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalise. break up because she chews gum loudly. Self-perception theory when our feelings and attitudes are uncertain, we infer the feelings by observing our behavior and the situation which it occurs. We infer only when we are not sure how we feel. And we judge whether our behavior really reflects how we feel or because it is the situation that made us act that way. not sure if i like classical music. but i listen to 92. 4 willingly. therefore i must love classical music. if gf listens to korean song and not me who tuned in, then i am unlikely to conclude that i listen because i like it Intrinsic motivation esire to engage in an activity because i enjoy it Extrinsic motivation desire to engage because of the rewards that come with it According to self-perception theory, If i were initially intrinsically motivated, but was instead paid to do it, the motivation will slowly change to extrinsic and i’ll eventually lose pure interest for it. Over-justification effect results when i view my behavior as caused by extrinsic reasons , making me underestimate the extent to which the behavior is caused by intrinsic reasons Task-contingent rewards rewards for doing a task regardless of results Performance-contingent rewards rewards from how well i perform a task 2 factor theory of emotion idea that emotional experience is a result of a 2-step self-perception process in which i first experience physiological arousal then seek an appropriate explanation for it. Misattribution of arousal making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do standing on a swaying bridge and receiving a request to do a survey from a chiobu. your initial heightened heart rate due to the scary bridge is misattributed to u liking the girl Appraisal theories of emotion Your emotion depends on the way you interpret or explain the event, in the absense of psychological arousal. You want to go med sch. your friend gets in instead. you feel threatened and therefore moody. Fixed mindset we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change. fixed intelligence, athletic ability etc. likely to give up after setbacks. less likely to hone skills Growth mindset abilities are malleable qualities that can cultivate and grow. view setbacks as opportunities to improve Social comparison theory learn about own abilities and attitudes by comparing with others Downward social comparison compare with someone lousier to feel better about myself Upward social comparison compare with someone better to have a goal to strive towards Social tuning groups of friends or people adopting similar attitudes through social influence Self-regulatory resource model stats that we must have plenty of energy when we are trying to control our actions. Suggests that the level of glucose in the bloodstream is spent when we exert self-control Impression management attempt to get others to see me the way i want to be seen. Facebook Ingratiation using flattery or praise to make myself likeable to another, often a higher-status person (ANGKAT) self-handicapping people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so if they do poorly on a task, people avoid blaming themselves. Self-handicap by creating obstacles that reduce the likelihood they will succeed on a task. So if they fail, they blame on these obstacles rather than lack of ability. Includes drugs, alcohol, failure to prepare Also by devising ready-made excuses in case they fail. Test anxiety, moods, symptoms, events from the past. We may evntually believe the excuses and exert less effort in future. People dislike others who self-handicap so they run the risk of informal sanctions. Eastern cultures like to save face more than western cultures, and have a more independent view of themselves than ang moh. CHAPTER 6 Cognitive dissonance the feeling of discomfort when you hold 2 or more inconsistent cognitions. caused by an action that is usually against one’s usual, typically positive self-conception reduce dissonance by: changing behavior (stop smoking) changing dissonant cognitions (nah.. igs don’t cause cancer) adding new cognitions (my grandpa smoke so much also never kena) people experiencing dissonance deny or distort reality to reduce it. Impact bias when people think of how they will react to future negative events, they overestimate the intensity of duration of their negative emotional reactions. Like overestimate emo-time when u break up The need to maintain self-esteem leads us to rationa lise our behavior, which may not be rational thinking. Post-decisional dissonance when after making a decision you believe more in your choice and devaluate the rejected choice. he more important and more difficult to revoke the decision, the greater the dissonance. eg which car to by vs which cup irrevocability of a decision always increases dissonance and the motivation to reduce it. lowballing technique – initially quote low price, after customer decides to buy, say it was an error, actual price is higher. frequently customer will still buy. Because there is already a commitment of sorts. Decision to behave immorally Cheating – if u didnt see the chem paper you wouldn’t have gotten into SMU Dissonance theory says i’ll justify the action by minimising the negative aspects of the action i chose. . e. changing my attitude about cheating that it is not so bad and everyone does it. In terms of personal values: the cheat and non-cheat initially starts at the same attitude. after one decides their path, the attitude towards cheating diverges sharply as a consequence of actions, moving towards one extreme (from its not bad vs it’s not good diverge to cheating is no big deal. vs expel cheaters! ) Justification of effort tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they worked hard to attain. the tougher the initiation, the more we like the group (go OCS i like it so much) External justification reason for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual, in order to receive a large reward or avoid severe punishment friend altered an ugly dress so now cannot return. since she already changed it, just tell her u like it. you don’t want to hurt her by saying it sucks. Internal justification reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself like attitude. when cannot find external justification, will attempt to find internal. if the same friend is very rich and buying another dress isn’t a problem, your external justifying reasons for lying to her is minimal. o you experience internal justification, by noticing some good things about the dress. eventually, you will like the fugly dress. This is counterattitudinal advocacy – occurs when we claim to have an opinion that differs from our true beliefs. when we do this with little external justification, and more internal justific, we will believe it’s more and more like the lie we told. Hypocrisy induction arousal of dissonance by making statements that counter peoples’ behaviors and then reminding them of the inconsistency between what they advocated and their behavor. This purpose is to lead individuals to more responsible behavior counterattitudinal advocacy example. people who are made mindful of their hypocrisy between the statements they make and their initial beliefs begin to practice what they preach. Insufficient punishment dissonance when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually resulting in devaluing the forbidden activity or object. insufficient punishment causes insufficient external justification, which makes one internally justify. eg. child bully. f punishment is harsh – sufficient external justification (i dont beat him cos teacher will cane). if punishment is mild, (why am i not beating him up? ) the bully will refrain from beating, even though he wants to. but he lacks complete justification for not beating, so he will reduce dissonance by convincing himself that he does not really want to beat up the guy. Small reward or mild punishment leads to internal j ustification -; self-persuasion -; lasting change. Self-persuasion long-lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification. ore permanent that direct attempts at persuasion by others because persuasion takes place internally. Ben franklin effect when we do a favour for a person we do not like, we will end up liking the person more. How do u hate your victims? convince yourself that the ppl u killed are less than human convince yourself they deserved to be hurt similar to nazis convincing themselves jews are subhuman Dissonance-reducing behavior less prevalent in collectivist cultures on the surface. Also may be that self-justification occurs in collectivistic societies in more communal ways. In japan, dissonance reduced after saying a boring task is interesting. In addition, if a jap observes a person he knows and likes saying the that the boring task is interesting, he himself will experience dissonance and change attitudes. CHAPTER 8 Conformity Changing one’s behavior due to real or imagined influences of others Informational social influence influence of others leads us to conform because we see them as a source of info to guide behavior. We believe that others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more accurate than ours, and will help us choose an appropriate course of action. women learning what an attractive body is from family, friends and media. en’s body must be muscular (mens health, gyms etc) Private acceptance conform to behavior of others because genuinely believe that the other people are correct Public compliance conform to behavior of others without necessarily believing what they do is correct. to avoid looking silly or foolish. By wanting to get things right, you are more susceptible to informat ional social influence. In low importance conditions – conform to others less than in high importance conditions. (same answers for CAT and AS midterm) The more important the decision is to us, the more we will rely on others for information. Contagion rapid spread of emotions or behavior through a crowd eg mass panic of war of the worlds Mass psychogenic illness occurrence of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause in a group of people. begins with one or a few reporting physical symptoms, then others who observe these sick people were more likely to fall sick too. Mass media also disseminates mass psychogenic illness quickly. maybe H1N1 swine flu n sars. Ambiguous situation The more uncertain you are, the more u will rely on others. Crisis situation we see how others respond and do likewise (stampedes) When others are experts he more expertise a person has, he will be a valuable guide in an ambiguous situation Social norms rules for acceptable behaviors, values and beliefs deviants can be ridiculed, punished, rejected Normative social influence when influence of others leads us to conform to be liked and accepted by them. (all the 369 tattoos on forehead) results in public compliance and not necessarily p rivate acceptance we tend to wear what’s stylish but do u really believe that mat caps are that nice? women’s attempts to create ideal body that u learnt through informational influence. men go gym Asch line (long line study) onformity occured because of fear of being the lone dissenter we conform for normative reasons because we dont want social disapproval even from complete strangers. also, we feel discomfort and tension when we stand up for beliefs and go against the group What if you resist normative social influence? group will try to align you with their beliefs by increased communication through teasing and long discussions if all fails, then start to say negative things and withdraw from me Cultural definitions of attractive body changes throughout the years. last time, fat girl was attractive, because looks healthy and fertile. Today, models all so skinny. Jap culture places great emphasis on conformity than american culture. Normative pressure to be skinny is more for Japs than americans Social impact theory likelihood that i respond to social influence by others depends on strength: how important to me is the group? immediacy: how close is the group to me in space and time during the attempt to influence me? number: how many people in the group? conformity will increase as the factors above increase. Group size and social impact Conformity increased when no of group increased. beyond 3 people, conformity does not increase much. Groups we identify strongly with and we like will exert more normative influence on us. Conforming to a group earns idiosyncracy credits (can occasionally deviate from group norms without sanction) When no one else in the group believes the same as you, normative social influence is the highest. You tend to conform to them. But if you have 1 ally, pressure to conform greatly decreases. (12 angry men example) when group’s culture is collectivistic, people are highly conforming because of factors like cooperation and loyalty. Conformity in collective cultures is a valued trait. but in western it is a negative trait. Hunting/Fishing culture (western) values assertiveness and independence. Agriculture (eastern) values value cooperative, conformity. Minority influence case where minority of group members influence behavior of majority. through consistency. keep expressing the same view, and different members of minority must agree with one another. majority eventually takes notice. minorities exert influence through informational means, not normative. Majorities obtain public compliance through normative influence Minorities obtain private acceptance through informational influence. 12 angry men best example. Injunctive norms eoples’ perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved by others. Motivate behavior through punishment or rewards. Littering is wrong. â€Å"DO NOT LITTER† more powerful in the face but promote normative conformity. (public compliance) Descriptive norms perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether behavior is app roved by others or not. Motivate behavior by informing people about what is effective or adaptive behavior. Littering is wrong (injunctive). There are times where people are likely to litter (Descriptive norms) â€Å"LITTERING IS NOT WHAT PEOPLE DO HERE† Less powerful in the face but promote informational influence. creates positive change. Boomerang effect by giving an â€Å"average† as a norm, people who usually did less than the average might end up increasing the activity to meet the â€Å"average†, thereby defeating the purpose of decreasing the undesirable behavior. For example alcohol drinking. â€Å"descriptive norm + injunctive norm† mixed messages will have a positive effect on cutting down undesirable behavior. â€Å"you used this much energy. On average, households use x amount of energy a day (descriptive – what society does). You used X+2 energy :( (the face showing disapproval is injunctive – what is viewed as wrong. ) Obedience to authority behavior of soldiers made killing seem like the right thing (informational influence) and soldiers wanted to avoid rejection from others (normative influence) my lai village massacre. Milgram’s studies Authority say â€Å"it is essential you continue† difficult to say no to insistent authority Normative influence – acting on their influence in order to be accepted by others When the authority left the room lack of informational influence When authority was replaced by a regular person he lacks expertise, no incentive to follow Importance of authority figures when 2 authority figures disagreed about whether to continue the study, thereby creating ambigous definition of the situation, 100% of the participants stopped conforming. Other reasons we obey Conforming to the wrong norm Once u follow one norm, it is hard to switch midstream. (slowly realising that delivering electric shocks was not good but still continued) Difficult to abandon the â€Å"obey authority† norm in Milgram because: experiment was fast-paced, preventing reflection on the situation. of self-justification. Initial agreement to do the test created internal pressure to obey subsequently. As participants delivered each shock, they justified in their heads, and each successive ladder made it hard to decide when to stop (215 and 230 volts not much different) of loss of personal responsibility. Experimenters are responsible for end results, and i am â€Å"just following orders† Unethical studies have Deception hiding true purpose of the study No true informed consent not told of the full details of study Psychological distress Not told they had right to withdraw Inflicted insight when the study ended, some learnt things about themselves that they didnt agree to beforehand (like obey orders to hurt someone) How to cite Hcm Chapter 10 11 12, Essay examples

Mountain Walking in the Andes Essay Example For Students

Mountain Walking in the Andes Essay Dear Pinyot, I couldnt believe that I won the competition! And I was given a chance to travel to any of the destinations they mentioned as tracking rare mountain for gorillas in Uganda, bush walking with guides in Kenya and there were so much more but I chose to travel to the Andes on a major treks with expert guides who will just be following behind you and will seek if you need any help just in case you are lost or thirsty/ hungry. Major treks are where you go mountain walking for six to eight hours in a day. I chose to go to mountain walking because I like to go to places, which are very quiet and peaceful, and uncrowded because I want to be in a place where you can get away from your everyday problems and feel unstressed for the first time because of work, etc. and places where you can feel so lonely and free for the first time. All thanks to my best friend Charles I won the competition he made me enter it in the first place and he told me that I won!! This is what happened It was in the morning and I just had woken up, The phone rings and I answer, Hullo, Hussein here? The voice on the other end asks for Mr. Moechsin and I reply, This is he. The voice says she is calling to remind me of my 4:00 PM dental appointment. I sigh and tell her I will be there. It was four oclock already, I enter the building and walked over to the elevator; I pushed the up button and patiently wait. The elevator door promptly opened and I got in. I pushed the button with a two on it and the doors closed. Once on the second floor I exited the elevator and immediately I could smell the mixture of a mix of toothpaste and the smell you usually smell in hospitals as you enter them. And I bleached out in the hall even before I go into Dr. Abduls office. As soon as I open the outer door, the blast of cool air from the air conditioner hits me in the face making me shiver all over. I walk in and add my name to the list on the sign in sheet. The secretary saw me and will let me know if the doctor will be ready in a minute. While I waited in the waiting room for the dental assistant in her blue uniform to call out my name, I look at the fish in the large blue tank in the corner of the room silently while I wait my turn. Then I turned and saw a photo album sitting on a coffee table. I picked it up only to see pictures of decaying teeth and gums. I quickly closed the book and shudder at the thought as I rolled my tongue over my teeth and checking them if theyre all right. The nurse called my name and I entered the inner office and sit in the brown leather chair looking at all the shiny stainless steel equipment. As I sit down the bright overhead light, then I realized, its my turn. But then Charlie jumped with excitement and told me the news. I was horrified there in moment. So then the day finally came for me. I was ready, more ready than ever. The company gave me a first class ticket to chilies and it was my first time on first class on any plane and I couldnt wait to step in that plane. I was really excited to go!! As you know that this is my first trip to South America, I dont know what life is there like. As I got in the plane the hostess treated me with fully respect and they congratulated me for winning, I had an exquisite meals and it was very comfortable. As we finally landed in Chile, I grabbed my pack bag and as I stepped out of the plane hearing the hostess saying thank you for flying Singapore airlines I looked outside and the view was amazing, it was like a new world to Ive never been before, the atmosphere was warm, friendly and bustling, when I was there I felt so secure and the colours were vibrant and I never experienced to go mountain walking for such a long time. The guides greeted me and showed a little bit of Santiago, Chile and took me to the inter-continental hotel. We were supposed to start the next morning but I wanted to see the city first. International Marketplace EssayAs I got the water bottle out of my bag and started drinking it all of a sudden I saw this rattlesnake crawling towards and besides me with its tail sounded like a South American musical instrument. I was really horrified and shocked. I couldnt move! The other guider told me to stay quiet and calm, and not to be afraid of it, as he crawled slowly towards the snake very quiet and straightly grabbed the snake extremely fast and threw it away. It was a beautiful snake with its skin striped with chestnut brown, emerald green and jet-black. I stood up and continued my journey. When I was walking along my journey, I felt so relaxed and unwind as the atmosphere and the weather began to change into a light-hearted and cosy type. And I always forget my everyday problems I had. While I was walking I felt so secure, excited and exhilarated all at the same time. I have experienced the beauty of nature and I find it spiritually uplifting. After three hours of walking I stopped onto an area that was so different and unique then the last couple of hours I have been walking. It was an area, which was so colourful, vibrant, bright and glorious, and the same time. I reached my bag and got out my water bottle, and I drank for a bit. As I was drinking I walked a few paces towards and I sat down on a steep, flat rock. I looked around very amazed why this was different than the other places. I looked around again, I was surrounded by lots of palm trees all around me and on the right of me there was a small pond, and on the left of me there was soft, light chestnut brown san and the atmosphere was safe, awe-inspiring and very lively. The place was very beautiful. I just figured out that I just ended my journey. So one of the guiders came up to me very slowly and said that my journey have ended and we should be getting ready because the jeep is coming on its way. So I wet myself in the pond and I dried myself with the towel and I put everything back in my bag. You can hear the sound of the wind and eagles flying about in the sky. Finally the jeep came the guiders went in and I stood there outside to have a glimpse of the mountain one last time, then I went in the jeep and we drove off. We drove passed a small forest where the atmosphere is sophisticated and you hear the sounds of animals such as monkeys then we reached to another city. I was very hungry and extremely tired so when we reached the hotel I straightly went to the restaurant, after all the staff of the company who gave me this trip to Chile congratulate me in my attempt, and I ate all these spicy food but I forgot what theyre called again but it was very delicious. After that I went up I m my room in the hotel and slept straightaway. Mountain walking is very healthy but can be very tiring. I recommend this journey to people who gets stressed in their works easily and people who gets many problems everyday so he/she can get away from it because this journey is going to be very relaxing and will make them unwind and comfort them. Or to people who wants to do something different in their life and want something very adventurous. I had so much fun in this trip and I felt like an out going type of person, which I am not. I wish you were there with me so we both would have even more fun together. I loved this journey because I felt very RELAXED!! Best wishes, Hussein